Chemical evaluation of citrus seeds, an agro-industrial waste, as a new potential source of vegetable oils
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.118411Keywords:
Citrus, Oil, Fatty acids, Seeds, Sterols, Rutaceae, TocopherolsAbstract
The seed oils from seven Turkish and ten Vietnamese varieties of Citrus fruits were examined for their fatty acid composition, tocopherols and sterol contents. The oil contents of the samples varied between 32.1 g/100 g and 58.8 g/100 g. The major fatty acid of the extracted seed oils was oleic (12.8-70.1%), followed by linoleic (19.5-58.8%) and palmitic (5.1-28.3%). Stearic, vaccenic, linolenic and arachidic acids were found at low levels. The total content of vitamin E active compounds in the oils ranged between 0.8 and 21.0 mg/100 g. The predominant isomers were α- and γ-tocopherol, with approximate equal amounts between about 0.4 and 17.5 mg/100 g. The total sterol contents of the oils were found between 1310.54 and 3986.58 mg/kg, with β -sitosterol as the predominant sterol that accounted for more than 70% of the total amount of sterols. Other sterols, campesterol (8.03-15.26%), stigmasterol (2.55-7.69%), ∆5-avenasterol (1.80-5.67%), cholesterol (0.83-2.70%) and chlerosterol (0.93-1.78%) were detected in most of the oils. The results of the present study indicate that the seed oils of Citrus fruits are considered to be a potential oil source due to their fatty acid composition and important tocopherol and sterol, and might be used for edible applications as well as the production of potential value-added products.
Downloads
References
Abdel-Rahman AY 1980. A study on some Egyption Citrus seed oils. Grasas Aceites. 31, 331-333.
Aitzetmüller, K.1993. Capillary GLC Fatty acid fingerprints of seed lipids – A tool in plant chemotaxonomy. J. High Res. Chrom. 16, 488-490.
Ajewole K, Adeyeye A 1993. Characterisation of Nigerian citrus seed oils. Food Chem. 47, 77-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(93)90306-Z
Allam SSH 2001. Utilization of some untraditional sources of high oleic acid oils for improving vegetable oils stability. Riv Ital. Sostanze Grasse. Animal and Vegetable fats and oils- Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. International Standard ISO 550:2000, ISO: Geneva, 2000
Animal and vegetable fats and oils-Determination of individual and total sterols contents-Gas chromatographic method. International Standard ISO ISO 659:1998, ISO: Geneva, 1999. 78, 337-41.
AOCS 1996. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Sociaty: Physical and chemical Characteristics of oils, Fats and Waxes; Section I; AOCS Press: Champaign, ILLinois.
Balz M, Schulte E, Their HP 1992. trennung von Tocopherolen und Tocotrienolen durch HPLC. Fat Sci. Tehnol. 94, 209-213.
Baraud J, Benhard R, Cassagne C, Genevois L 1969. Variabilite du taux de tocopherols des lipids de diverses varietes de noi settes. Qual. Plant Mater. Veg. 3, 217-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322227
Ben Gern JB 1967. Citrus product, chemical composition and chemical technology. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.
El-Adawy TA, Rahman EH, El-Bedawy AA, Gafar AM 1999. Properties of some citrus seeds. Part 3. Evaluation as a new source of protein and oil. Nahrung 43, 385-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3803(19991201)43:6<385::AID-FOOD385>3.0.CO;2-V
French RB 1962. Analyses of pecan, peanut and other oils by gas-Liquid chromatography and Ultra-Violet spectrophotometry. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 39, 176-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02632757
Goffman FD, Thies W, Velasco L 1999. Chemotaxonomic value of tocopherols in Brassicaceae. Phytochem. 50, 793-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00641-4
Habib M A, Hammam MA, Sakr AA, Ashoush YA 1986. Chemical evaluation of Egyptian citrus seeds as potential sources of vegetable oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 63, 1192-1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02663951
Hassanein MMM 1999. Studies on non-traditional oils: I. Detailed studies on different lipid profiles of some Rosaceae kernel oils. Grasas Aceites, 50, 379-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1999.v50.i5.682
Helmy HE 1990. Studies on the pigments of some citrus, prune and cucurbit seed oils when processed with or without cottonseed oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 67, 376-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02539694
Hosamani KM, Sattigeri RM 2000.Industrial utilization of Rivea ornata seed oil: a moderate source of vernolic acid. Ind. Crops Prod. 12, 93-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00041-8
Kamel BS, Demna JM, Blackman B 1982. Nutritional, fatty acid and oil characteristics of different agricultural seeds. J. Food Technol. 17, 263-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb00181.x
Lazos ES, Servos DC 1988. Nutritional and chemical characteristics of orange seed oil. Grasas Aceites. 39, 232-234.
Matthaus B, Özcan M 2005. Glucosinolates and fatty acid, sterol, and tocopherol composition of seed oils from Capparis spinosa var. spinosa and Capparis ovata Desf. vr. canescens (Coss.) Heawood). J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 7136-7141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf051019u PMid :16131121
Matthaus B, Özcan MM 2006. Quantitation of fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols in turpentine (Pistacia terebinthus Chia) growing wild in Turkey. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 7667-7671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060990t PMid :17002437
Muuse BG, Cuperus FP, Derksen JTP 1992. Composition and physical properties of oils from new oilseed crops. Ind. Crops Prod. 1, 57-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(92)90046-X
Oilseeds-Determination of hexane extract (or light petroleum extract), called “oil content”. International Standard ISO 659:1998, ISO:Geneva, 1998.
Püskülcu. H, Ikiz F 1989. Introduction to Statistic. Bilgehan Presss, p 333, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
Reda SY, Sauer EL, Batista AEC, Barana AC, Schnitzel E, Carneiro PIB 2005. Characterization of rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and “Sicilian” lemon (Citrus limon) seed oils, an agro-industrial waste. Ciene Technol. Aliment. 25, 672-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612005000400008
Saidani M, Dhifi W, Marzouk B 2004. Lipid evaluation of some Tunusian citrus seeds. J. Food Lipids. 11, 242- 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2004.01136.x
Saleem M, Sarwar M, Kan SA, Bhatty MK 1977. Fatty acids of indigenous resources for possible industrial applications. V. Investigation on the commercial species of Rutaceae. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 20, 305-306.
Shibahara A, Yamamoto K, Nakayama T, Kajimoto G 1987. cis-Vaccenic acid in pulp lipids of commonly available fruits. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64, 397-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02549303
Smith CR 1970. Occurrence of unusual fatty acids in plants. In: Progr. Chem. Fats Other Lipids (ed. Holman,R.T.), Vol.VI, Pergamon Press, oxford, UK, pp 137-177.
Trandjiiska and Nguyen RTH 1989. Triglyceride composition of seed oils from Vietnamese citrus fruits. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse. 66, 99-102.
Waheed A, Mahmud S, Saleem M, Ahmad T. 2009. Fatty acid composition of neutral lipid: Classes of Citrus seed oil. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 13, 269-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2009.10.007
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
