1. INTRODUCTION
⌅Capoeta umbla, also locally called Siraz or Sarıbalık, is a species belonging to the cyprinidae family, commonly found in the Euphrates-Tigris river system. C. umbla is the most commercially valued fish for the local people.
Fish and other aquatic foods are known to be the main sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, humans get most of their eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from eating fish. It has been established that DHA is essential for vision and brain development in babies, Fish consumption is related to the amount of DHA in milk, and fish oil reduces sudden death in people with cardiovascular disease, lowers serum triglyceride levels and total cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol levels, and reduces the risk of breast, colon, lung and prostate cancer (Lu et al., 2021Lu X, Zhong R, Hu L, Huang L, Chen L, Cheng W, Zheng B, Liang P. 2021. DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker roe regulate lipid metabolic disorders and gut microbiota imbalance in SD rats with a high-fat diet. Food Funct. 12 (11), 4825-4841.).
It is important to determine the fatty acid composition of the PL and TAG fractions to understand the changes in the fat content of the muscle and to determine the nutritional value of the fish.
The 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids of PL, which are structural components of membranes, play a role as precursor components of eicosanoids, which are biologically and physiologically active molecules. TAGs, which are generally stored in adipose tissue and rich in SFA and MUFA, function as energy reserves (Kaçar et al., 2016Kaçar S, Başhan M, Oymak AS. 2016. Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus. J. Food Sci. Technol. Mys. 53 (7), 2913-2922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2253-5 ).
The most abundant phospholipid in cell membranes is phosphatidylcholine, which accounts for 40-50% of total phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the second most abundant phospholipid, accounting for 20-50% of the total. These amounts vary depending on the tissue. For example, the amount of PE in the brain is 45% and the amount in the liver is 20%. Phosphatidylserine is a membrane phospholipid which is low in abundance and accounts for only 2-10% of the total phospholipids. Phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin phospholipids are minor mammalian membrane components. The phospholipid compositions of different mammalian cells and tissues differ significantly. The lipid composition of fish differs depending on several factors, such as their aquatic environment and the biological, physical and chemical properties of this environment. Seasons, migration, sexual maturity and spawning periods, type of species, dietary habits and rearing in aquaculture or natural habitats influence the lipid profiles.
Various investigations into freshwater fish have been carried out, but little information is available on PL and its classes or its TAG fatty acid analysis. (Satar et al., 2012Satar Eİ, Uysal E, Ünlü E, Başhan M, Satar A. 2012. The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the tigris river (Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 36 (1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1008-81 ; Kaçar et al., 2016Kaçar S, Başhan M, Oymak AS. 2016. Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus. J. Food Sci. Technol. Mys. 53 (7), 2913-2922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2253-5 ). Studies on phospholipid classes have generally been carried out in marine fish, although no reports have yet been published about the PL classes of C. umbla.
The objective of this study was to determine seasonal changes in the FA composition of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid classes including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
⌅The study was conducted on C. umbla, which were collected in July, November, January and April (39°10’44.68”N, 39°27’43.08”E). The fish were skinned from the area between the dorsal fins and the lateral line of three male and about 5 grams of muscle sample were taken. After determining the wet weights of the muscle samples, they were put into tubes and kept in a chloroform-methanol (2:1v/v) mixture at -80 oC until analysis.
Total lipid extraction was performed according to the method of Bligh and Dyer (1959)Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917.. Methylation was accomplished by heating with sodium methylate in methanol. Samples containing total muscle lipids were trans-esterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid composition of the fish was analyzed in triplicate: Auto-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was minimized by adding 50 μL of 2% butylated hydroxytoluene in chloroform to each sample during the extraction process, and N2 was used for the drying process of lipid extracts from tissues.
The method of Vaden et al. (2005)Vaden DL, Gohil VM, Gu Z, Greenberg ML. 2005. Separation of yeast phospholipids using one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 338 (1), 162-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.11.020 was used for the separation of phospholipid classes. Samples containing muscle lipids were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were extracted with hexane.
2.1. Gas chromatography analyses
⌅Fatty acid methly esters were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (SHIMADZU GC 2010 PLUS) with a flame ionization detector (FID), and GC solution (version 2.4) software. The flow rates of compressed air and hydrogen were 400 mL/min and 30 mL/min, respectively. The carrier gas was Helium at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injection port temperature was 250 °C, the detector temperature 250 °C. One micro-liter was injected through the cold on-column injector. Column (oven) temperature: 170 °C, holding time, 2 minutes; 2 °C/minute to 210 °C, kept constant for 20 minutes; total analysis time: 42 minutes.
A SPSS 16 computer program was used to compare the percentage of fatty acids. A statistical analysis of fatty acid compositions was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparison was determined according to Tukey’s test. Means were obtained in triplicate and statistically significant differences were reported at (P ≤ 0.05).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
⌅The captured samples varied between 225 and 290 cm, with weights between 162 and 392 g. Fat content ranged between 1.35% (in November) and 2.46% (in July) (Table 1).
| July | November | January | April | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length (cm)* | 225±11.01 | 280±12.20 | 290±10.40 | 245±11.14 |
| Weight (gr)* | 162±8.13 | 348±14.44 | 392±15.18 | 220±9.15 |
| Total lipids (%)* | 2.46±0.16a | 1.35±0.02b | 1.72±0.06c | 1.50±0.07bc |
* Means are the average of 3 replicates. Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test
Table 2 shows the seasonal variation in total lipid contents in male C. umbla.
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 1.89±0.06a | 2.29±0.06a | 4.63±0.19b | 2.32±0.12a |
| 15:0 | 0.21±0.01a | 0.27±0.01a | 0.27±0.02a | 0.22±0.01a |
| 16:0 | 21.28±1.03a | 23.37±1.25a | 22.5±1.17a | 22.26±1.15a |
| 17:0 | 0.46±0.02a | 0.65±0.03ab | 0.38±0.01a | 0.82±0.03b |
| 18:0 | 4.14±0.16a | 3.91±0.13a | 3.38±0.10a | 4.10±0.20a |
| ΣSFA*** | 27.98±1.25a | 30.49±1.60a | 31.16±1.55a | 29.72±1.45a |
| 16:1n-7 | 18.48±0.72a | 11.99±0.72b | 15.91±0.85ab | 17.15±0.63a |
| 18:1n-9 | 14.2±0.61a | 18.11±0.72b | 20.07±1.01b | 14.66±0.70a |
| 20:1n-9 | 1.08±0.04a | 2.28±0.15b | 2.98±0.18b | 0.80±0.03a |
| ΣMUFA | 33.76±1.56a | 32.38±1.66a | 38.96±1.87b | 32.61±1.08a |
| 18:2n-6 | 1.93±0.04a | 2.48±0.09b | 2.15±0.11b | 2.19±0.11b |
| 18:3n-3 | 6.63±0.30a | 5.86±0.23a | 3.27±0.15b | 5.67±0.22a |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.14±0.01a | 0.20±0.01b | 0.16±0.01a | 0.20±0.02b |
| 20:3n-6 | 0.16±0.01a | 0.18±0.01a | 0.28±0.02b | 0.12±0.01a |
| 20:4n-6 | 1.0±0.05a | 0.99±0.03a | 1.29±0.06b | 1.30±0.05b |
| 20:5n-3 | 16.1±0.62a | 14.94±0.72ab | 12.02±0.55b | 14.22±0.88ab |
| 22:5n-3 | 5.46±0.35a | 4.88±0.15ab | 3.64±0.26b | 5.45±0.33a |
| 22:6n-3 | 6.75±0.28a | 7.51±0.34ab | 6.99±0.40a | 8.43±0.48b |
| ΣPUFA | 38.17±2.04a | 37.04±1.71a | 29.8±1.02b | 37.58±1.80a |
| Σn-3 | 34.94±1.65a | 33.19±1.45a | 25.92±1.30b | 33.77±1.57a |
| Σn-6 | 3.23±0.10a | 3.85±0.12a | 3.88±0.20a | 3.81±0.19a |
| n-3/n-6 | 10.81 | 8.62 | 6.68 | 8.86 |
* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
The highest saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were found in January (31.16%, prior to reproduction). There were no seasonal changes in total SFA values between July (27.98%) and January (31.16%). The highest concentrations of SFA were 16:0 (21.28-23.37%), and 18:0 (3.38%-4.14%).
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the muscle tissue increased in January (38.96%, prior to reproduction) and decreased in November (32.38%, post reproduction). The 16:1n-7 ratio was high in July (18.48%) and decreased in November (11.99%). In July, the amount of 18:1n-9 reached its lowest value (14.20%). 18:2n-6, which is one of the n-6 components which are important and essential fatty acids for fish, 18:3n-3 from the n-3 and aracidonic acid (ARA), another important n-6, were detected at a low rate. Among them, 18:2n-6 was found to be 2.48% in November, 18:3n-3 to be 6.63% in July, ARA to be 1.30% in April.
The concentration of PUFA varied seasonally from 29.80% (in January, prior to reproduction) to 38.17% (in July, reproduction). The amount of n-3 PUFAs is much higher than n-6 PUFAs.
In this study, the n-3/n-6 ratios vary for muscle tissue according to season, and are lower in January (6.68), increasing up to 10.81 in July.
The fatty acid results of C. umbla male from the Munzur River are compatible with those obtained from C. umbla (Yılmaz et al., 1995Yılmaz Ö, Konar V, Çelik S. 1995. Elazığ Hazar Gölü’ndeki Capoeta capoeta umbla’nın dişi ve erkek bireylerinde bazı dokularının total lipit ve yağ asiti bileşimleri. Biyokimya Dergisi. 20, 31-42., Aras et al., 2009Aras NM, Güneş M, Bayır A, Sirkecioğlu AN, Haliloğlu İH. 2009. Tuzla Çayı ve Tercan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Capoeta capoeta umbla HECKEL, 1843’nın bazı biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ile total yağ ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Ekoloji. 19 (73), 55-64.) and other freshwater fish previously taken from different water sources (Uysal et al., 2008Uysal K, Bübül M, Dönmez M, Seçkin AK. 2008. Changes in some components of the muscle lipids of three freshwater fish species under natural extreme cold and temperate conditions. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 34 (4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-008-9220-7 ; Cengiz et al., 2012Cengiz EI, Unlü E, Bashan M, Satar A, Uysal E. 2012. Effects of seasonal variations on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid and triacylglicerol in the dorsal muscle of Mesopotamian Catfish (Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843) in Tigris River (Turkey). Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 12, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v12_1_05 ; Çakmak et al., 2012Çakmak YS, Zengin G, Güler GO, Aktumsek A, Özparlak H. 2012. Fatty acid composition and Ω3/Ω6 ratios of the muscle lipids of six fish species in Sugla Lake. Arch. Biol. Sci. 64 (2), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1202471C ; Satar et al., 2012Satar Eİ, Uysal E, Ünlü E, Başhan M, Satar A. 2012. The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the tigris river (Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 36 (1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1008-81 ; Fallah et al., 2013Fallah AA, Nematollahi A, Saei-Dehkordi SS. 2013. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of edible tissues of Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) reared in freshwater and brackish water. J. Food Comp. Anal. 32 (2), 150-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.09.004 ; Kayhan et al., 2015Kayhan H, Başhan M, Kaçar S. 2015. Seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of brown trout. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117 (5), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400152 ; Emre et al., 2015Emre Y, Uysal K, Emre N, Pak F, Oruç H, Yetek İ. 2015. Seasonal variations of fatty acid profiles in the muscle of Capoeta angorae. Turki. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 15 (1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_1_11 ; Emre et al., 2017Emre N, Uysal K, Emre Y, Yetek I, Pak F. 2017. Seasonal variations of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle of Capoeta caelestis. Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 16 (1), 50-58.; Emre et al., 2018Emre N, Uysal K, Emre Y, Kavasoglu M, Aktas O. 2018. Seasonal and sexual variations of total protein, fat and fatty acid composition of an endemic freshwater fish species (Capoeta antalyensis). Aquat. Sci. Eng. 33 (1), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.18864/ASE201802 ; Emre et al., 2020Emre N, Uysal K, Kavasoǧlu M, Emre Y, Yalim B, Pak F. 2020. Seasonal variations of the fatty acid profiles in the edible portions of two freshwater fish species (Pseudophoxinus fahrettini and Capoeta mauricii). Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 19 (2), 602-611.). The major fatty acids identified in the fish were 16:0, 18:1n-9, DHA and EPA in all seasons. Linoleic, 18:3n-3, 20:3n-6 and AA were also detected in a much lower percentage.
The levels of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in fish are not constant and change according to a number of variables. Unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA) are often more prevalent than saturated ones in cold water fish. PUFA is less prevalent in tropical species. While PUFAs play a structural role in organs, saturated fatty acids and MUFAs typically serve as energy sources. We can infer that the water source may be the primary factor in this (Kayhan et al., 2015Kayhan H, Başhan M, Kaçar S. 2015. Seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of brown trout. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117 (5), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400152 ). Fish living in cold water, like the Munzur River, are predicted to have higher PUFA ratios. This finding increases the nutritional value of the fish living here. Since total SFA increases the amount of cholesterol in the blood, having more of these components creates negative health effects and reduces the nutritional value of fish.
Because palmitic acid is essential for fatty acid metabolism, nutrients have no effect on the amount of this component, which has the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids. The saturated 16:0 and 18:0, as well as the monounsaturated 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9, are not essential and can be obtained through food or synthesized from carbohydrates and amino acids. The amounts of these components, which are generally stored and serve to meet energy needs, depend on the organisms that make up the nutrient. It has been seen that the ratio of 16:1n-7 from the monounsaturated FA is higher in some fish. According to Ackman (1989)Ackman RG. 1989. Fatty acid, in marine biogenic lipids, fats and oils. Ackman, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 145-178., this feature is unique to freshwater fish. The ratio of 16:1n-7 found in our study was significantly higher than the rates found in C. umbla from Hazar Lake (Yılmaz et al., 1996Yılmaz Ö, Konar V, Çelik S. 1996. Elazığ Hazar Gölü’nde yaşayan Capoeta capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843)’nın (Siraz) total lipit ve yağ asiti miktarının aylara ve mevsimlere göre değişimi. Turk. J. Biol. 20, 245-257.), Tuzla Stream, and Tercan Dam Lake (Aras et al., 2009Aras NM, Güneş M, Bayır A, Sirkecioğlu AN, Haliloğlu İH. 2009. Tuzla Çayı ve Tercan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Capoeta capoeta umbla HECKEL, 1843’nın bazı biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ile total yağ ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Ekoloji. 19 (73), 55-64.). This finding demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of fish is affected by the water source. We believe that fish nutrients are responsible for this effect. Some phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other microorganisms in the water were found to be high in 16:1n-7. Palmitoleic acid serves important nutritional and biological functions because this component is essential for fat synthesis and storage, as well as signaling pathways between organs, cell differentiation, and proliferation. In our analysis, the percentage of 18:2n-6 in muscle total lipids was lower than in other studies (Yılmaz et al., 1996Yılmaz Ö, Konar V, Çelik S. 1996. Elazığ Hazar Gölü’nde yaşayan Capoeta capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843)’nın (Siraz) total lipit ve yağ asiti miktarının aylara ve mevsimlere göre değişimi. Turk. J. Biol. 20, 245-257.; Aras et al., 2009Aras NM, Güneş M, Bayır A, Sirkecioğlu AN, Haliloğlu İH. 2009. Tuzla Çayı ve Tercan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Capoeta capoeta umbla HECKEL, 1843’nın bazı biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ile total yağ ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Ekoloji. 19 (73), 55-64.) on the same type of fish, while the percentage of 18:3n-3 acid was higher. Fish consume essential fatty acids such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, which they cannot synthesize, and use these components as precursors in the formation of twenty-carbon PUFAs. Analyses show that the ratio of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 acids are generally low in fish (Aggelousis and Lazos, 1991Aggelousis G, Lazos ES. 1991. Fatty acid composition of the lipids from eight freshwater fish species from Greece. J. Food Compos. Anal. 4 (1), 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(91)90049-C ).
In our study, the percentage of 18:2n-6 in the total muscle lipid was lower than in previous studies on the same type of fish (Yılmaz et al., 1996Yılmaz Ö, Konar V, Çelik S. 1996. Elazığ Hazar Gölü’nde yaşayan Capoeta capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843)’nın (Siraz) total lipit ve yağ asiti miktarının aylara ve mevsimlere göre değişimi. Turk. J. Biol. 20, 245-257.; Aras et al., 2009Aras NM, Güneş M, Bayır A, Sirkecioğlu AN, Haliloğlu İH. 2009. Tuzla Çayı ve Tercan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Capoeta capoeta umbla HECKEL, 1843’nın bazı biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ile total yağ ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Ekoloji. 19 (73), 55-64.), while the percentage of 18:3n-3 acid was higher. Henderson and Tocher (1987)Henderson RJ, Tocher DR. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freswater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26 (4), 281-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6 reported in their study that the 20:3n-6 ratio in many freshwater fish was 1.5%. This component, which could not be determined in previous studies on C. umbla (Yılmaz et al., 1996Yılmaz Ö, Konar V, Çelik S. 1996. Elazığ Hazar Gölü’nde yaşayan Capoeta capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843)’nın (Siraz) total lipit ve yağ asiti miktarının aylara ve mevsimlere göre değişimi. Turk. J. Biol. 20, 245-257., Aras et al., 2009Aras NM, Güneş M, Bayır A, Sirkecioğlu AN, Haliloğlu İH. 2009. Tuzla Çayı ve Tercan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Capoeta capoeta umbla HECKEL, 1843’nın bazı biyo-ekolojik özellikleri ile total yağ ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Ekoloji. 19 (73), 55-64.), was found at a rate of less than 1% in the fish species examined in our study. The amount of ARA is high because the solubility of oxygen in hot water is low. Because arachidonic acid is a precursor to eicosanoids, which are vasoconstrictors and stimulate platelet aggregation, only small amounts should be found in fish oils. ARA was found to be lower in the fish species whose total muscle lipids were examined in our study than in the same type of fish previously supplied from other water sources. This could be due to the fact that the Munzur River is colder because the ARA ratio is higher in fish living in warm water environments. The low ARA ratio in Munzur River fish increases the nutritional value of these fish. EPA and DHA were the major fatty acids identified as n- 3 PUFAs in the muscle. Similar results have been reported in Capoeta capoeta (Çakmak et al., 2012Çakmak YS, Zengin G, Güler GO, Aktumsek A, Özparlak H. 2012. Fatty acid composition and Ω3/Ω6 ratios of the muscle lipids of six fish species in Sugla Lake. Arch. Biol. Sci. 64 (2), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1202471C ), in Capoeta damascina (Fallah et al., 2013Fallah AA, Nematollahi A, Saei-Dehkordi SS. 2013. Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of edible tissues of Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) reared in freshwater and brackish water. J. Food Comp. Anal. 32 (2), 150-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.09.004 ) and for Capoeta angorae (Emre et al., 2015Emre Y, Uysal K, Emre N, Pak F, Oruç H, Yetek İ. 2015. Seasonal variations of fatty acid profiles in the muscle of Capoeta angorae. Turki. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 15 (1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_1_11 ). EPA and DHA, which are important n-3 components, have preventive effects on many diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Moreover, EPA is the precursor to eicosanoids, which, unlike ARA, is vasodilator and prevents erythrocyte aggregation. We can say that the fish species we used in our study are rich in EPA and DHA which are n-3 fatty acids.
3.1. Fatty acid composition of the PL fraction
⌅Table 3 shows the PL fatty acid content of male C. umbla muscle tissue. The ratio of 16:0 decreased to a minimum level in July (reproduction period, 19.82%). The highest ΣSFA contents were found in November (35.59%). The ΣSFA amounts decreased prior to the reproduction season (January) in C. umbla. Total MUFAs were lowest in April (13.61%). 18:1 n-9 was the most abundant fatty acid in all seasons and ranged from 8.92 to 12.95%. Throughout the year, the PUFAs accounted for 46.05-56.37% of the PL fatty acid composition. The most abundant n-3 PUFA was EPA (18.45-23.3%). This was followed by DHA (13.7-19.41%) and then 22:5n-3 (6.92-9.62%) and n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 8.06-12.40.
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 1.09±0.06a | 0.83±0.02ab | 0.65±0.02b | 0.89±0.03ab |
| 15:0 | 0.16±0.01a | 0.09±0.01b | 0.21±0.02c | 0.15±0.02a |
| 16:0 | 19.82±0.91a | 23.97±1.13b | 21.32±1.20a | 21.34±1.13a |
| 17:0 | 0.68±0.03a | 1.54±0.05b | 0.50±0.02a | 0.77±0.03a |
| 18:0 | 8.36±0.40a | 9.16±0.43a | 5.73±0.26b | 6.79±0.30b |
| ΣSFA*** | 30.11±1.57a | 35.59±1.70b | 28.41±1.36a | 29.94±1.47a |
| 16:1n-7 | 6.46±0.29a | 3.98±0.20b | 5.80±0.27a | 4.09±0.19b |
| 18:1n-9 | 12.9±0.58a | 12.72±0.67a | 12.95±0.55a | 8.92±0.41b |
| 20:1n-9 | 1.27±0.06a | 1.60±0.06a | 1.62±0.05a | 0.60±0.02b |
| ΣMUFA | 20.63±1.10a | 18.3±0.86a | 20.37±1.02a | 13.61±0.75b |
| 18:2n-6 | 1.16±0.05a | 1.47±0.06b | 1.60±0.06b | 1.04±0.04a |
| 18:3n-3 | 2.01±0.10a | 2.59±0.13a | 1.57±0.07b | 1.10±0.06b |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.14±0.01a | 0.23±0.02b | 0.17±0.01a | 0.14±0.01a |
| 20:3n-6 | 0.25±0.01a | 0.25±0.02a | 0.33±0.02b | 0.16±0.01c |
| 20:4n-6 | 2.12±0.12a | 2.22±0.15a | 3.54±0.17b | 3.69±0.14b |
| 20:5n-3 | 18.8±0.75a | 18.45±0.93a | 19.23±0.83a | 23.3±1.20b |
| 22:5n-3 | 9.62±2.02a | 7.14±2.11a | 6.92±1.80a | 7.53±2.16a |
| 22:6n-3 | 15.09±0.80a | 13.7±0.65a | 17.77±0.76b | 19.41±0.90b |
| ΣPUFA | 49.19±2.33a | 46.05±2.34b | 51.13±2.77a | 56.37±2.83c |
| Σn-3 | 45.52±2.72a | 41.88±1.94b | 45.49±2.18a | 51.34±2.62c |
| Σn-6 | 3.67±0.13a | 4.17±0.20a | 5.64±0.28b | 5.03±0.20b |
| n-3/n-6 | 12.40 | 10.04 | 8.06 | 10.20 |
* Means are the average of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
The major fatty acids were in accordance with those obtained from other freshwater fish (Satar et al., 2012Satar Eİ, Uysal E, Ünlü E, Başhan M, Satar A. 2012. The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the tigris river (Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 36 (1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1008-81 ; Görgün et al., 2014Görgün S, Akpınar N, Dirican S. 2014. A comparative study on the fatty acid profıles of total lipid, neutral and polar lipids in the liver and muscle of Capoeta sieboldıı (Steindachner, 1864) and Capoeta baliki (Turan, Kottelat, Ekmekçi, İmamoğlu, 2006) from Tödürge lake (Sivas, Turkey). Acta Aliment. 43 (1), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.43.2014.1.17 , Kayhan et al., 2015Kayhan H, Başhan M, Kaçar S. 2015. Seasonal variations in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of brown trout. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117 (5), 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400152 ): 16:0 in SFA, 18:1n-9 in MUFA, and EPA and DHA among PUFAs were found in the PL fraction. Another important finding was that the rate of stearic acid was found to be higher than total lipids. This is an expected result because, despite being a saturated component, 18:0 accumulates more in the PL fraction.
Henderson and Tocher (1987)Henderson RJ, Tocher DR. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freswater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26 (4), 281-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6 found that the n-3/n-6 ratio in freshwater fish PL was between 1.6 and 2.0. The most important reason for the high n-3/n-6 ratio, which is used to determine the nutritional value of fish, in the species we studied is that EPA, one of the important n-3 components, was very high, while n-6 fatty acids were very low.
In response to a decrease in ambient temperature, poichlothermic organisms, such as fish, increase the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in their membrane lipids. This is an adaptation developed to keep the membranes fluid.
Henderson and Tocher (1987)Henderson RJ, Tocher DR. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freswater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26 (4), 281-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6 reported that if the ambient temperature decreases, the degree of unsaturation in fatty acids will increase, and in Farkas et al. (1980)Farkas T, Csenger I, Majoros F, Olah J. 1980. Metabolism of fatty acids in fish III. Combined effect of environmental temperature and diet on formation and deposition of fatty acids in the Carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758. Aquaculture. 20 (1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(80)90059-9 the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the PL fraction will increase. These components with increasing percentages can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.
3.2. Fatty acid composition of the TAG fraction
⌅In the muscle TAG fraction, saturated fatty acids 16:0, monounsaturated 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9, polyunsaturated EPA and DHA were the most abundant fatty acids in the percentage distribution.
The results show that the percentage of FAs varied according to season, ranging from 29.40 to 33.58% SFAs; 22.22% to 30.83% MUFAs, and 38.3% to 48.33% PUFAs.
n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 8.53 (January) - 9.37 (July) (Table 4).
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 1.35±0.07a | 2.82±0.12b | 1.01±0.08a | 2.34±0.15b |
| 15:0 | 0.16±0.01a | 0.27±0.02b | 0.27±0.02b | 0.24±0.02b |
| 16:0 | 25.46±1.21a | 24.72±1.17a | 22.14±1.38a | 23.85±1.42a |
| 17:0 | 0.61±0.03a | 0.74±0.03a | 0.74±0.03a | 0.43±0.02b |
| 18:0 | 6.0±0.30a | 2.67±0.19b | 5.24±0.26a | 4.48±0.20ab |
| ΣSFA*** | 33.58±1.57a | 31.22±1.58ab | 29.4±1.51b | 31.34±1.99ab |
| 16:1n-7 | 14.28±0.87a | 15.2±0.68a | 9.85±0.57b | 11.6±0.65b |
| 18:1n-9 | 12.71±0.67a | 13.92±0.63a | 10.83±0.54b | 11.23±0.57ab |
| 20:1n-9 | 1.03±0.05a | 1.71±0.11b | 1.54±0.06b | 0.62±0.03c |
| ΣMUFA | 28.02±1.10a | 30.83±1.52a | 22.22±1.08b | 23.45±1.27b |
| 18:2n-6 | 1.90±0.03a | 2.30±0.03b | 1.61±0.02c | 1.94±0.03a |
| 18:3n-3 | 5.38±0.25a | 13.39±0.32b | 2.20±0.13c | 3.40±0.15c |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.15±0.01a | 0.17±0.02a | 0.13±0.01a | 0.18±02a |
| 20:3n-6 | 0.21±0.02a | 0.20±0.01a | 0.30±0.02b | 0.21±0.02a |
| 20:4n-6 | 1.43±0.06a | 1.07±0.06a | 3.03±0.14b | 2.07±0.10ab |
| 20:5n-3 | 17.09±0.78a | 10.49±0.57b | 19.63±0.98a | 22.08±1.18c |
| 22:5n-3 | 5.91±0.35a | 3.56±0.13b | 6.45±0.30a | 5.85±0.27a |
| 22:6n-3 | 6.23±0.28a | 6.70±0.31a | 14.98±0.62b | 9.39±0.42ab |
| ΣPUFA | 38.3±1.82a | 37.88±1.69a | 48.33±2.24b | 45.12±2.12b |
| Σn-3 | 34.61±1.52a | 34.14±1.78a | 43.26±2.28b | 40.72±2.04b |
| Σn-6 | 3.69±0.19a | 3.74±0.12a | 5.07±0.24b | 4.4±0.17ab |
| n-3/n-6 | 9.37 | 9.12 | 8.53 | 9.25 |
* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
Although their rates varied in all periods, ΣPUFA was determined the highest in terms of mean values, ΣSFA followed it and ΣMUFA was determined to be the lowest. It was an interesting finding that ΣPUFA had the highest percentage in the muscle TAG of fish, although they had storage lipids. The reason why there is a large amount of PUFA in the TAG fraction is that the water source is very clean, the oxygen content is high, as well as the fact that the nutrients are rich in EPA and DHA. Dominant PUFA, such as EPA and DHA, is either synthesized from the 18:3n-3 acid obtained from food or obtained directly from the food.
In previous studies, it was observed that the ratio of 16:0 was mostly found in the saturated fatty acids in the muscle TAG fraction of fish, (Kozlova and Khotimchenko, 2000Kozlova TA, Khotimchenko SV. 2000. Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp.) endemic to Lake Baikal. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 126 (4), 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00207-8 ; Görgün et al., 2013Görgün S, Akpınar N, Zengin G, Akpinar M.A, Günlü A, Güler GO, Aktümsek A. 2013. Determination of fatty acid profiles of total, neutral, and polar lipids in different tissues of Vimba vimba (L., 1758) from Eğirdir Lake (Isparta, Turkey). Turk. J. Zool. 37, 627-634. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1212-33 ).
One of the highest fatty acids in the TAG fraction of fish tissues is 16:1n-7. The ratio of this component in fish collected from the same water source was discovered to be quite different. It was proposed that this component, which is supplied by both food and synthesis, is found in high concentrations in the neutral lipids of freshwater fish.
The high ratio of 18:1n-9 and 16:1n-7 in the TAG fraction, in particular, indicates that these components are used more for energy purposes.
The percentage of polyunsaturated dominant components, EPA and DHA, in the fish muscle TAG fraction varied among species (Görgün et al., 2014Görgün S, Akpınar N, Dirican S. 2014. A comparative study on the fatty acid profıles of total lipid, neutral and polar lipids in the liver and muscle of Capoeta sieboldıı (Steindachner, 1864) and Capoeta baliki (Turan, Kottelat, Ekmekçi, İmamoğlu, 2006) from Tödürge lake (Sivas, Turkey). Acta Aliment. 43 (1), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.43.2014.1.17 ; Satar et al., 2012Satar Eİ, Uysal E, Ünlü E, Başhan M, Satar A. 2012. The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the tigris river (Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 36 (1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1008-81 ; Kaçar et al., 2016Kaçar S, Başhan M, Oymak AS. 2016. Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus. J. Food Sci. Technol. Mys. 53 (7), 2913-2922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2253-5 ). The percentage of EPA and DHA, which are important n-3 components, was higher in C. umbla collected from the Munzur River than in many freshwater fish (Satar et al., 2012Satar Eİ, Uysal E, Ünlü E, Başhan M, Satar A. 2012. The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the tigris river (Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 36 (1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1008-81 ; Kaçar et al., 2016Kaçar S, Başhan M, Oymak AS. 2016. Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus. J. Food Sci. Technol. Mys. 53 (7), 2913-2922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2253-5 ).
Henderson and Tocher, (1987)Henderson RJ, Tocher DR. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freswater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26 (4), 281-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(87)90002-6 stated that in the TAG fraction of fish, MUFA is the highest, followed by SFA and with PUFA as the least. Many studies have found this same order (Kozlova and Khotimchenko, 2000Kozlova TA, Khotimchenko SV. 2000. Lipids and fatty acids of two pelagic cottoid fishes (Comephorus spp.) endemic to Lake Baikal. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 126 (4), 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00207-8 ; Görgün et al., 2013Görgün S, Akpınar N, Zengin G, Akpinar M.A, Günlü A, Güler GO, Aktümsek A. 2013. Determination of fatty acid profiles of total, neutral, and polar lipids in different tissues of Vimba vimba (L., 1758) from Eğirdir Lake (Isparta, Turkey). Turk. J. Zool. 37, 627-634. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1212-33 ; Görgün et al., 2014Görgün S, Akpınar N, Dirican S. 2014. A comparative study on the fatty acid profıles of total lipid, neutral and polar lipids in the liver and muscle of Capoeta sieboldıı (Steindachner, 1864) and Capoeta baliki (Turan, Kottelat, Ekmekçi, İmamoğlu, 2006) from Tödürge lake (Sivas, Turkey). Acta Aliment. 43 (1), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.43.2014.1.17 ).
The reason for the presence of MUFA being the highest and PUFA being the lowest in the TAG fraction of fish is that this fraction is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids such as 18:1n-9 and 16:1n-7 and poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA.
In our study, unlike other fish species in two seasons, the reason why the TAG fraction had the highest PUFA and the lowest MUFA was that the fish were very rich in EPA (10.49-22.08%) and DHA (6.23-14.98%).
In our study, the n-3/n-6 ratio was significantly higher than in other freshwater fish (Satar et al., 2012Satar Eİ, Uysal E, Ünlü E, Başhan M, Satar A. 2012. The effects of seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of total lipid, phospholipid, and triacylglycerol in the dorsal muscle of Capoeta trutta found in the tigris river (Turkey). Turk. J. Biol. 36 (1), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1008-81 ; Görgün et al., 2013Görgün S, Akpınar N, Zengin G, Akpinar M.A, Günlü A, Güler GO, Aktümsek A. 2013. Determination of fatty acid profiles of total, neutral, and polar lipids in different tissues of Vimba vimba (L., 1758) from Eğirdir Lake (Isparta, Turkey). Turk. J. Zool. 37, 627-634. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1212-33 ; Görgün et al., 2014Görgün S, Akpınar N, Dirican S. 2014. A comparative study on the fatty acid profıles of total lipid, neutral and polar lipids in the liver and muscle of Capoeta sieboldıı (Steindachner, 1864) and Capoeta baliki (Turan, Kottelat, Ekmekçi, İmamoğlu, 2006) from Tödürge lake (Sivas, Turkey). Acta Aliment. 43 (1), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAlim.43.2014.1.17 ). The most important reason for this is that EPA and DHA, the dominant n-3 components in fish, are relatively high in comparison to other fish, while 18:2n-6, ARA, and 20:3n-6 acids, which are among the n-6 fatty acids, are relatively low.
3.3. Fatty acid composition of PL classes
⌅In the PC fraction, among the saturated FA, 16:0 was found to be the highest (19.66-29.63%), and EPA from the unsaturated FA was found to be 18.66-26.32%, and DHA to be 13.06-19.13%.
It was observed that the ratio of 16:0, and accordingly ΣSFA, decreased in July. It was determined that 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated FA and ΣMUFA, due to this component, decreased in the months representing spring and EPA, DHA and ΣPUFA only slightly increased compared to other months in the same period. The n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 8.85-10.10 (Table 5).
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 0.28±0.01a | 0.44±0.02ab | 0.68±0.02b | 0.76±0.03b |
| 15:0 | 0.14±0.01a | 0.20±0.01b | 0.20±0.02b | 0.14±0.01a |
| 16:0 | 19.66±0.92a | 28.69±1.22b | 29.63±1.34b | 23.92±0.65ab |
| 17:0 | 0.55±0.03a | 0.97±0.05b | 0.77±0.03ab | 0.66±0.03ab |
| 18:0 | 3.17±0.13a | 2.89±0.15a | 2.35±0.19b | 2.17±0.10b |
| ΣSFA*** | 23.8±1.08a | 33.19±1.57b | 33.63±1.62b | 27.65±1.40a |
| 16:1n-7 | 4.72±0.23a | 4.04±0.24a | 5.90±0.27b | 4.29±0.21a |
| 18:1n-9 | 11.94±0.55a | 14.06±0.68a | 12.09±0.69a | 8.48±0.52b |
| 20:1n-9 | 1.23±0.06a | 1.32±0.05a | 1.39±0.10a | 0.75±0.03b |
| ΣMUFA | 17.89±0.80a | 19.42±0.92a | 19.38±0.89a | 13.52±0.63b |
| 18:2n-6 | 2.91±0.13a | 2.14±0.09a | 1.54±0.09b | 1.49±0.10b |
| 18:3n-3 | 1.32±0.06a | 3.34±0.14b | 1.22±0.11a | 1.53±0.10a |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.21±0.01a | 0.19±0.02a | 0.14±0.01b | 0.18±0.02a |
| 20:3n-6 | 0.26±0.02a | 0.55±0.03b | 0.44±0.02b | 0.10±0.01c |
| 20:4n-6 | 2.04±0.14a | 1.71±0.08a | 2.64±0.10a | 3.52±0.15b |
| 20:5n-3 | 26.32±1.33a | 18.66±0.77b | 23.29±1.10a | 26.11±1.41a |
| 22:5n-3 | 8.35±0.44a | 5.29±0.32ab | 4.56±0.25b | 6.68±0.36ab |
| 22:6n-3 | 16.81±0.73a | 15.45±0.62a | 13.06±0.67b | 19.13±0.85c |
| ΣPUFA | 58.22±2.82a | 47.33±2.84b | 46.89±2.59b | 58.74±2.91a |
| Σn-3 | 52.8±2.53a | 42.74±2.15b | 42.13±2.24b | 53.45±2.71a |
| Σn-6 | 5.42±0.30a | 4.59±0.22a | 4.76±0.25a | 5.29±0.26a |
| n-3/n-6 | 9.74 | 9.31 | 8.85 | 10.10 |
* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
16:0 was found to be dominant, as in previous studies (Medina et al., 1995Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 ; Kızmaz, 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.).
The rate of EPA from twenty-carbon polyunsaturated FA was found to be significantly higher than in previous studies (Lin et al., 2012Lin L, Jing L, Guang-Yan L, Jiang-Ning H, Liang T, Rong L, Ya-Wei F, Ze-Yuan D. 2012. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of five wild freshwater fish from Poyang Lake. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 (7), 1857−1864. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204584t ; Kızmaz, 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.). As previously stated, these Munzur River fish are extremely high in EPA.
The DHA levels in sea fish were found to be higher than in our study (Medina et al., 1995Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 ; Takama et al., 1999Takama K, Suzuki T, Yoshida K, Arai H, Mitsui T. 1999. Phosphatidylcholine levels and their fatty acid compositions in teleosts tissues and squid muscle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 124, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00115-7 ). The high content of C. umbla with EPA increased the n-3/n-6 ratio in these fish.
In the PC fraction, 16:0 from the saturated FA, 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated FA, EPA and DHA from the polyunsaturated FA were determined as major components. They were found to be dominant in previously studied sea fish (Takama et al., 1999Takama K, Suzuki T, Yoshida K, Arai H, Mitsui T. 1999. Phosphatidylcholine levels and their fatty acid compositions in teleosts tissues and squid muscle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 124, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00115-7 ) and in Alburnus tarichi (Kızmaz, 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.).
Previous research has found that PUFA is the most abundant and MUFA is the least abundant. (Lin et al., 2012Lin L, Jing L, Guang-Yan L, Jiang-Ning H, Liang T, Rong L, Ya-Wei F, Ze-Yuan D. 2012. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of five wild freshwater fish from Poyang Lake. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 (7), 1857−1864. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204584t ; Kızmaz, 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.). In our study, we obtained the same results.
Season, environment, nutritional fatty acids, and temperature have all been reported to influence the phospholipid fatty acid composition.
In the PE fatty acid composition, 16:0 from the saturated FA as in the PC fraction, 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated FA and EPA and DHA from the polyunsaturated FA were determined as dominant. However, these components were found at different ratios from the PC fraction.
The levels of 16:0, 18:1n-9, EPA, DHA, ΣSFA, ΣMUFA and ΣPUFA in the male muscles were found in the range of 7.15 to 22.66%, 5.38 to 14.64%, 12.80 to 18.81%, 17.16 to 27.53%, 12.93 to 36.12%, 9.94 to 20.54%, 43.27 to 69.14%, respectively (Table 6).
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 0.49±0.02a | 0.24±0.01b | 1.51±0.06c | 0.79±0.03ac |
| 15:0 | 0.03±0.01a | 0.04±0.01a | 0.27±0.02b | 0.09±0.01c |
| 16:0 | 7.15±0.35a | 15.37±0.74b | 22.66±1.08c | 15.49±0.70b |
| 17:0 | 0.62±0.03a | 1.39±0.06b | 0.74±0.03a | 1.15±0.05b |
| 18:0 | 4.64±0.21a | 9.64±0.40b | 10.94±0.51b | 8.92±0.47b |
| ΣSFA*** | 12.93±0.64a | 26.68±1.25b | 36.12±1.69c | 26.44±1.24b |
| 16:1n-7 | 3.49±0.17a | 2.55±0.11a | 4.37±0.21b | 3.06±0.15a |
| 18:1n-9 | 12.32±0.59a | 10.61±0.54a | 14.64±0.62a | 5.38±0.27b |
| 20:1n-9 | 2.03±0.10a | 1.74±0.08b | 1.53±0.06b | 1.50±0.05b |
| ΣMUFA | 17.84±0.88a | 14.9±0.67b | 20.54±0.98c | 9.94±0.87d |
| 18:2n-6 | 1.76±0.06a | 1.78±0.05a | 1.46±0.06ab | 1.18±0.03b |
| 18:3n-3 | 1.12±0.06a | 1.53±0.04b | 0.93±0.03a | 1.43±0.06b |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.20±0.01a | 0.17±0.01a | 0.31±0.02b | 0.21±0.01a |
| 20:3n-6 | 0.33±0.02a | 0.30±0.01a | 0.31±0.02a | 0.32±0.02a |
| 20:4n-6 | 3.30±0.16a | 2.69±0.13a | 3.09±0.13a | 3.86±0.17a |
| 20:5n-3 | 18.81±0.76a | 17.69±0.69a | 12.8±0.60b | 18.79±0.92a |
| 22:5n-3 | 16.09±0.74a | 11.44±0.55b | 7.21±0.30c | 10.2±0.49b |
| 22:6n-3 | 27.53±1.30a | 22.72±1.02b | 17.16±0.91c | 23.18±1.11b |
| ΣPUFA | 69.14±3.36a | 58.32±2.81b | 43.27±2.23c | 59.17±2.88b |
| Σn-3 | 63.55±3.12a | 53.38±2.60b | 38.1±1.79c | 53.6±2.57b |
| Σn-6 | 5.59±0.27a | 4.94±0.21a | 5.17±0.28a | 5.57±0.25a |
| n-3/n-6 | 11.36 | 10.80 | 7.36 | 9.62 |
* Means are the average of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
In their studies, Medina et al. (1995)Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 and Nadcisa et al. (2001)Nadcisa M, Bandarra Irinen-Batista L, Marias Nunes Jose, Empis M. 2001. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 212 (5), 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170100299 identified 18:0 as the dominant saturated fatty acid. In our study, however, the predominant saturated component was 16:0.
In terms of EPA and DHA composition, the results were similar to previous studies (Lie et al., 1992Lie Q, Hemre GH, Bjqrnsson B. 1992. Fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and neutral lipids in six different tissues of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fedcapelin at constant temperature. Fisk Dir Skr Ser Emering. 5 (2), 99-109.; Medina et al., 1995Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 ; Nadcisa et al., 2001Nadcisa M, Bandarra Irinen-Batista L, Marias Nunes Jose, Empis M. 2001. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 212 (5), 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170100299 ).
In other studies, the PUFA content was found to be the highest and MUFA to be the lowest, which is similar to our findings (Lin et al., 2012Lin L, Jing L, Guang-Yan L, Jiang-Ning H, Liang T, Rong L, Ya-Wei F, Ze-Yuan D. 2012. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of five wild freshwater fish from Poyang Lake. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 (7), 1857−1864. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204584t ; Kızmaz, 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.).
As previously stated, n-6 components were relatively low in the fish used in this study, while n-3 polyunsaturated components were excessively high, so the n-3/n-6 ratio was found to be higher than in previous studies (Lin et al., 2012Lin L, Jing L, Guang-Yan L, Jiang-Ning H, Liang T, Rong L, Ya-Wei F, Ze-Yuan D. 2012. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of five wild freshwater fish from Poyang Lake. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60 (7), 1857−1864. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204584t ; Kızmaz, 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.).
It was found that 16:0 and ΣSFA ratios increased in January, EPA and ΣPUFA increased in July, but its percentage and n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in January. According to our findings, the amount of muscle PE fatty acid in fish increased and decreased depending on the season.
In the PI fraction, 16:0 and 18:0 from the saturated fatty acids, 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated, and ARA, EPA and DHA from the polyunsaturated FA were determined in greater abundance in the percentage distribution (Table 7).
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 0.49±0.02a | 0.46±0.03a | 0.24±0.01b | 0.32±0.01ab |
| 15:0 | 0.04±0.01a | 0.05±0.01a | 0.66±0.05b | 0.12±0.02c |
| 16:0 | 8.18±0.34a | 8.06±0.29a | 8.79±0.32a | 11.02±0.56b |
| 17:0 | 0.59±0.03a | 1.34±0.05b | 0.74±0.03a | 1.45±0.04b |
| 18:0 | 20.14±1.12a | 28.98±1.40a | 36.71±1.78b | 35.02±1.77b |
| ΣSFA*** | 29.44±1.27a | 38.89±1.95ab | 47.14±2.36b | 47.93±2.23b |
| 16:1n-7 | 4.20±0.18a | 1.42±0.05b | 0.94±0.04b | 1.46±0.05b |
| 18:1n-9 | 12.77±0.59a | 7.92±0.37b | 6.25±0.31b | 6.24±0.25b |
| 20:1n-9 | 1.14±0.04a | 0.77±0.03b | 0.67±0.03b | 0.66±0.04b |
| ΣMUFA | 18.11±0.78a | 10.11±0.50b | 7.86±0.41b | 8.36±0.47b |
| 18:2n-6 | 0.86±0.04a | 0.73±0.03a | 0.28±0.01b | 0.99±0.04a |
| 18:3n-3 | 1.01±0.05a | 0.48±0.02b | 0.20±0.01c | 0.33±0.02bc |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.19±0.01a | 0.51±0.02b | 0.13±0.01a | 0.19±0.01a |
| 20:3n-6 | 3.95±0.14a | 0.63±0.03b | 0.20±0.01c | 0.55±0.02b |
| 20:4n-6 | 5.03±0.25a | 10.54±0.39b | 10.1±0.43b | 9.47±0.50b |
| 20:5n-3 | 19.6±1.05a | 20.11±1.11b | 13.5±0.69c | 16.13±0.85ac |
| 22:5n-3 | 8.35±0.43a | 6.48±0.28a | 6.49±0.33a | 5.28±0.24b |
| 22:6n-3 | 13.38±0.61a | 11.44±0.53b | 14.02±0.67a | 10.7±0.50b |
| ΣPUFA | 52.37±2.63a | 50.92±2.53a | 44.92±2.14b | 43.64±2.19b |
| Σn-3 | 42.34±2.06a | 38.51±1.84ab | 34.21±1.71b | 32.44±1.62b |
| Σn-6 | 10.03±0.55a | 12.41±0.61a | 10.71±0.67a | 11.2±0.53a |
| n-3/n-6 | 4.22 | 3.10 | 3.19 | 2.89 |
* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
Similar to previous studies (Lie et al., 1992Lie Q, Hemre GH, Bjqrnsson B. 1992. Fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and neutral lipids in six different tissues of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fedcapelin at constant temperature. Fisk Dir Skr Ser Emering. 5 (2), 99-109.; Medina et al., 1995Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 ; Kızmaz 2015Kızmaz V. 2015. Van Gölü’nde Yaşayan İnci Kefali Balığının (Alburnus Tarıchı) Değişik Dokularındaki (Kas, Karaciğer ve Gonad) Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Doktora Tezi, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji A.D. 401. Diyarbakır. pp:425.), dominant components in PI were found in this study. When compared to the PC and PE classes, the major saturated fatty acid in the PI class was not 16:0, but 18:0, as in other fish species. All these data showed that it was 18:0 in the sn-1 position in the PI class.
Another finding from our study was that the ARA ratio found in the PI fraction was significantly higher than the value found in the PC and PE classes. Previously, similar results were discovered in other fish species. Therefore, it was reported that the PI was rich in 18:0 from the saturated and in ARA from the polyunsaturated.
The reason for the high percentage of ΣSFA in the PI of fish is that this class is rich in the saturated component 18:0. The n-3/n-6 ratio we determined in the PI class of fish in our study was lower than the PC and PE classes.
The high rate of ARA, one of the major n-6 components, is responsible for the low rate of PI subclass in fish.
The ratio of 16:0 acid from the saturated components increased in April along with 18:0, and due to these fatty acids, ΣSFA increased in January and April, 18:1n-9 and ΣMUFA increased in July, ARA and EPA increased in November, DHA increased in January, and the n-3/n-6 ratio increased in July, compared to other periods.
The highest ratio of 16:0 from dominant saturated components was 21.95%, 18:0, 21.01%, 18:1n-9, 16.98%, EPA 9.12%, DHA 10.96%, ΣSFA 47.29%, ΣMUFA 25.22%, ΣPUFA 30.90%, n-3/n-6 4.93 (Table 8).
| Fatty acids | July | November | January | April |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14:0** | 2.67±0.06a | 1.96±0.07b | 1.85±0.04b | 2.22±0.10ab |
| 15:0 | 0.22±0.01a | 0.25±0.01a | 0.24±0.02a | 0.20±0.01a |
| 16:0 | 20.0±1.04a | 20.04±1.10a | 18.67±0.81a | 21.95±0.94a |
| 17:0 | 1.55±0.06a | 1.49±0.05a | 1.30±0.08a | 1.91±0.06a |
| 18:0 | 19.37±0.92a | 15.89±0.77b | 18.61±0.85a | 21.01±1.11a |
| ΣSFA*** | 43.81±2.13a | 39.63±1.91b | 40.67±2.07b | 47.29±2.27c |
| 16:1n-7 | 9.68±0.57a | 5.37±0.35b | 7.77±0.38ab | 6.97±0.30ab |
| 18:1n-9 | 14.78±0.71a | 15.25±0.87a | 15.97±0.68a | 16.98±0.70a |
| 20:1n-9 | 0.76±0.04a | 1.10±0.06ab | 1.16±0.04b | 0.92±0.04ab |
| ΣMUFA | 25.22±1.32a | 21.72±1.14b | 24.9±1.20a | 24.87±1.17a |
| 18:2n-6 | 1.37±0.03a | 1.95±0.06b | 2.08±0.06b | 1.11±0.05a |
| 18:3n-3 | 0.76±0.03a | 1.28±0.05b | 1.06±0.05b | 0.50±0.04a |
| 20:2n-6 | 0.23±0.01a | 0.53±0.03b | 0.25±0.01a | 0.67±0.04b |
| 20:3n-6 | 0.27±0.01a | 0.53±0.03b | 0.33±0.01a | 0.10±0.01a |
| 20:4n-6 | 3.34±0.13a | 2.20±0.10b | 3.60±0.16a | 3.15±0.11a |
| 20:5n-3 | 9.12±0.44a | 8.62±0.35a | 4.42±0.17b | 6.26±0.23ab |
| 22:5n-3 | 5.31±0.28a | 5.01±0.20a | 7.17±0.37a | 6.45±0.30a |
| 22:6n-3 | 10.5±0.52a | 9.26±0.47a | 10.96±0.63a | 9.52±0.50a |
| ΣPUFA | 30.9±1.40a | 29.38±1.26a | 29.87±1.33a | 27.76±1.30a |
| Σn-3 | 25.69±1.13a | 24.17±1.19a | 23.61±1.10a | 22.73±1.66a |
| Σn-6 | 5.21±0.26a | 5.21±0.18a | 6.26±0.23a | 5.03±0.27a |
| n-3/n-6 | 4.93 | 4.63 | 3.77 | 4.51 |
* Means are the average of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids
According to the previous study, PS had the highest percentage of SFA among the classes, and this class contained 16:0 and 18:0 acids in similar proportions, as well as DHA in low proportions. (Medina et al., 1995Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 ).
Similar results were found in this study in terms of 16:0 and 18:0 values (16:0 18.67-21.95%, 18:0 15.89-21.01%). Moreover, in our study, the rate of DHA was found to be lower than the PC and PE classes, similar to the previous study (Medina et al., 1995Medina I, Aubourg SP, Pere Martin R. 1995. Composition of phospholipids of white muscle of six tuna species. Lipids. 30 (12), 1127-1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536613 ). The percentage of 18:1n-9 increased in April, and EPA and ΣPUFA increased in July.
CONCLUSIONS
⌅The highest n-3/n-6 ratio found in the fish’s total muscle lipid was 10.81. The n-3/n-6 ratio is used to assess the quality of fish oils. The fact that these values are significantly higher than all other freshwater fish studied in Turkey to date indicates that the nutritional value of these Munzur River fish species is very high. The PL and TAG fatty acid compositions of the fish were found to be different. Monounsaturated fatty acids such as 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, and thus MUFA and 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 were found to be more abundant in the triacylglycerols. In PL, unsaturated fatty acids such as 18:0, 20:3n-6, ARA and DHA from the saturated FA were higher. TAG and PL fatty acid compositions were found to vary depending on the season, breeding period, and temperature. Furthermore, it was discovered that different PL classes had different fatty acid compositions based on their biochemical functions.