GYA Grasas y Aceites Grasas y Aceites 1988-4214 0017-3495 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas gya.0452221 10.3989/gya.0452221 Article Seasonal effect on fatty acid composition in phospholipid classes and triacylglycerols of male Capoeta umbla Efecto estacional sobre la composición de ácidos grasos de fosfolípidos y triacilgliceroles de machos de Capoeta umbla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9869-9045 Kaçar S. semrakacar21@gmail.com Mardin Artuklu University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, 47100 Mardin, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-8144 Kayhan Kaya H. Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1228-9548 Başhan M. Dicle University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey 26 09 2023 09 2023 74 3 e521 30 04 2022 06 02 2023 10 10 2023 ©2023 CSIC 2023 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Summary

The seasonal changes in muscle tissue, total lipids and fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipid classes of male Capoeta umbla were investigated in this study. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) were identified as the major phospholipids (PLs) in the muscle tissue (PS). Triacylglycerols showed high contents of MUFA, 14:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3; while phospholipids presented high contents of AA, DHA, and 18:0. Myristic acid, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were shown to be present in larger concentrations in TAG than in PL classes. In PL classes, 16:0, 18:0, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) were higher than the TAG fraction. The fatty acid composition of total lipid and lipid classes (TAG and PL) were affected by the seasonal variations and lipid fraction.

 Resumen

En este estudio se investigaron los cambios estacionales en el tejido muscular, la composición total de lípidos y ácidos grasos de fosfolípidos (PL), triacilglicerol (TAG) y clases de fosfolípidos de Capoeta umbla machos. Fosfatidilcolina (PC), fosfatidiletanolamina (PE), fosfatidilinositol (PI) y fosfatidilserina (PS) se identificaron como los principales fosfolípidos (PL) en el tejido muscular (PS). Los triacilgliceroles tenían un alto contenido de 14:0, de los MUFA 16:1n-7 y 18:1n-9 y de poliinsaturados 18:2n-6 y 18:3n-3, mientras que los fosfolípidos tenían un alto contenido de araquidónico (20:4n-6) (AA), docosahexaenoico (22:6n-3) (DHA) y 18:0. Se demostró que el ácido mirístico, los monoinsaturados (MUFA) 16:1n-7 y 18:1n-9, el ácido linoleico (18:2n-6) y el ácido linolénico (18:3n-3), están presentes en concentraciones superiores en TAG que en los PL. En las diferentes clases de PL, los ácidos 16:0, 18:0, AA, eicosapentaenoico (20:5n-3) (EPA), DHA y la suma de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (ΣPUFA) fueron más altos que la fracción TAG. La composición de ácidos grasos de los lípidos totales y las clases de lípidos (TAG y PL) se vieron afectados por las variaciones estacionales y la fracción lipídica.

 Capoeta umbla Phospholipid classes Seasonal fatty acid composition Triacylglycerol Capoeta umbla Clases de fosfolípidos Composición estacional de ácidos grasos Triacilgliceroles Dicle University DUAPK-13-FF-75 This research was financially supported by the Scientific Research Project of Dicle University (DUAPK-13-FF-75). Introduction

Capoeta umbla, also locally called Siraz or Sarıbalık, is a species belonging to the cyprinidae family, commonly found in the Euphrates-Tigris river system. C. umbla is the most commercially valued fish for the local people.

Fish and other aquatic foods are known to be the main sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, humans get most of their eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from eating fish. It has been established that DHA is essential for vision and brain development in babies, Fish consumption is related to the amount of DHA in milk, and fish oil reduces sudden death in people with cardiovascular disease, lowers serum triglyceride levels and total cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol levels, and reduces the risk of breast, colon, lung and prostate cancer (Lu et al., 2021).

It is important to determine the fatty acid composition of the PL and TAG fractions to understand the changes in the fat content of the muscle and to determine the nutritional value of the fish.

The 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids of PL, which are structural components of membranes, play a role as precursor components of eicosanoids, which are biologically and physiologically active molecules. TAGs, which are generally stored in adipose tissue and rich in SFA and MUFA, function as energy reserves (Kaçar et al., 2016).

The most abundant phospholipid in cell membranes is phosphatidylcholine, which accounts for 40-50% of total phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the second most abundant phospholipid, accounting for 20-50% of the total. These amounts vary depending on the tissue. For example, the amount of PE in the brain is 45% and the amount in the liver is 20%. Phosphatidylserine is a membrane phospholipid which is low in abundance and accounts for only 2-10% of the total phospholipids. Phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin phospholipids are minor mammalian membrane components. The phospholipid compositions of different mammalian cells and tissues differ significantly. The lipid composition of fish differs depending on several factors, such as their aquatic environment and the biological, physical and chemical properties of this environment. Seasons, migration, sexual maturity and spawning periods, type of species, dietary habits and rearing in aquaculture or natural habitats influence the lipid profiles.

Various investigations into freshwater fish have been carried out, but little information is available on PL and its classes or its TAG fatty acid analysis. (Satar et al., 2012; Kaçar et al., 2016). Studies on phospholipid classes have generally been carried out in marine fish, although no reports have yet been published about the PL classes of C. umbla.

The objective of this study was to determine seasonal changes in the FA composition of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid classes including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS).

 Materials and methods

The study was conducted on C. umbla, which were collected in July, November, January and April (39°10’44.68”N, 39°27’43.08”E). The fish were skinned from the area between the dorsal fins and the lateral line of three male and about 5 grams of muscle sample were taken. After determining the wet weights of the muscle samples, they were put into tubes and kept in a chloroform-methanol (2:1v/v) mixture at -80 oC until analysis.

Total lipid extraction was performed according to the method of Bligh and Dyer (1959). Methylation was accomplished by heating with sodium methylate in methanol. Samples containing total muscle lipids were trans-esterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid composition of the fish was analyzed in triplicate: Auto-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was minimized by adding 50 μL of 2% butylated hydroxytoluene in chloroform to each sample during the extraction process, and N2 was used for the drying process of lipid extracts from tissues.

The method of Vaden et al. (2005) was used for the separation of phospholipid classes. Samples containing muscle lipids were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were extracted with hexane.

Gas chromatography analyses

Fatty acid methly esters were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (SHIMADZU GC 2010 PLUS) with a flame ionization detector (FID), and GC solution (version 2.4) software. The flow rates of compressed air and hydrogen were 400 mL/min and 30 mL/min, respectively. The carrier gas was Helium at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injection port temperature was 250 °C, the detector temperature 250 °C. One micro-liter was injected through the cold on-column injector. Column (oven) temperature: 170 °C, holding time, 2 minutes; 2 °C/minute to 210 °C, kept constant for 20 minutes; total analysis time: 42 minutes.

A SPSS 16 computer program was used to compare the percentage of fatty acids. A statistical analysis of fatty acid compositions was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparison was determined according to Tukey’s test. Means were obtained in triplicate and statistically significant differences were reported at (P ≤ 0.05).

 Results and discussion

The captured samples varied between 225 and 290 cm, with weights between 162 and 392 g. Fat content ranged between 1.35% (in November) and 2.46% (in July) (Table 1).

Lengths, weights and lipid contents of <italic>C. umbla</italic>
July November January April
Length (cm)* 225±11.01 280±12.20 290±10.40 245±11.14
Weight (gr)* 162±8.13 348±14.44 392±15.18 220±9.15
Total lipids (%)* 2.46±0.16a 1.35±0.02b 1.72±0.06c 1.50±0.07bc

* Means are the average of 3 replicates. Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test

Table 2 shows the seasonal variation in total lipid contents in male C. umbla.

Fatty acid composition in total lipids of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla</italic> (%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 1.89±0.06a 2.29±0.06a 4.63±0.19b 2.32±0.12a
15:0 0.21±0.01a 0.27±0.01a 0.27±0.02a 0.22±0.01a
16:0 21.28±1.03a 23.37±1.25a 22.5±1.17a 22.26±1.15a
17:0 0.46±0.02a 0.65±0.03ab 0.38±0.01a 0.82±0.03b
18:0 4.14±0.16a 3.91±0.13a 3.38±0.10a 4.10±0.20a
ΣSFA*** 27.98±1.25a 30.49±1.60a 31.16±1.55a 29.72±1.45a
16:1n-7 18.48±0.72a 11.99±0.72b 15.91±0.85ab 17.15±0.63a
18:1n-9 14.2±0.61a 18.11±0.72b 20.07±1.01b 14.66±0.70a
20:1n-9 1.08±0.04a 2.28±0.15b 2.98±0.18b 0.80±0.03a
ΣMUFA 33.76±1.56a 32.38±1.66a 38.96±1.87b 32.61±1.08a
18:2n-6 1.93±0.04a 2.48±0.09b 2.15±0.11b 2.19±0.11b
18:3n-3 6.63±0.30a 5.86±0.23a 3.27±0.15b 5.67±0.22a
20:2n-6 0.14±0.01a 0.20±0.01b 0.16±0.01a 0.20±0.02b
20:3n-6 0.16±0.01a 0.18±0.01a 0.28±0.02b 0.12±0.01a
20:4n-6 1.0±0.05a 0.99±0.03a 1.29±0.06b 1.30±0.05b
20:5n-3 16.1±0.62a 14.94±0.72ab 12.02±0.55b 14.22±0.88ab
22:5n-3 5.46±0.35a 4.88±0.15ab 3.64±0.26b 5.45±0.33a
22:6n-3 6.75±0.28a 7.51±0.34ab 6.99±0.40a 8.43±0.48b
ΣPUFA 38.17±2.04a 37.04±1.71a 29.8±1.02b 37.58±1.80a
Σn-3 34.94±1.65a 33.19±1.45a 25.92±1.30b 33.77±1.57a
Σn-6 3.23±0.10a 3.85±0.12a 3.88±0.20a 3.81±0.19a
n-3/n-6 10.81 8.62 6.68 8.86

* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

The highest saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were found in January (31.16%, prior to reproduction). There were no seasonal changes in total SFA values between July (27.98%) and January (31.16%). The highest concentrations of SFA were 16:0 (21.28-23.37%), and 18:0 (3.38%-4.14%).

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the muscle tissue increased in January (38.96%, prior to reproduction) and decreased in November (32.38%, post reproduction). The 16:1n-7 ratio was high in July (18.48%) and decreased in November (11.99%). In July, the amount of 18:1n-9 reached its lowest value (14.20%). 18:2n-6, which is one of the n-6 components which are important and essential fatty acids for fish, 18:3n-3 from the n-3 and aracidonic acid (ARA), another important n-6, were detected at a low rate. Among them, 18:2n-6 was found to be 2.48% in November, 18:3n-3 to be 6.63% in July, ARA to be 1.30% in April.

The concentration of PUFA varied seasonally from 29.80% (in January, prior to reproduction) to 38.17% (in July, reproduction). The amount of n-3 PUFAs is much higher than n-6 PUFAs.

In this study, the n-3/n-6 ratios vary for muscle tissue according to season, and are lower in January (6.68), increasing up to 10.81 in July.

The fatty acid results of C. umbla male from the Munzur River are compatible with those obtained from C. umbla (Yılmaz et al., 1995, Aras et al., 2009) and other freshwater fish previously taken from different water sources (Uysal et al., 2008; Cengiz et al., 2012; Çakmak et al., 2012; Satar et al., 2012; Fallah et al., 2013; Kayhan et al., 2015; Emre et al., 2015; Emre et al., 2017; Emre et al., 2018; Emre et al., 2020). The major fatty acids identified in the fish were 16:0, 18:1n-9, DHA and EPA in all seasons. Linoleic, 18:3n-3, 20:3n-6 and AA were also detected in a much lower percentage.

The levels of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in fish are not constant and change according to a number of variables. Unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA) are often more prevalent than saturated ones in cold water fish. PUFA is less prevalent in tropical species. While PUFAs play a structural role in organs, saturated fatty acids and MUFAs typically serve as energy sources. We can infer that the water source may be the primary factor in this (Kayhan et al., 2015). Fish living in cold water, like the Munzur River, are predicted to have higher PUFA ratios. This finding increases the nutritional value of the fish living here. Since total SFA increases the amount of cholesterol in the blood, having more of these components creates negative health effects and reduces the nutritional value of fish.

Because palmitic acid is essential for fatty acid metabolism, nutrients have no effect on the amount of this component, which has the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids. The saturated 16:0 and 18:0, as well as the monounsaturated 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9, are not essential and can be obtained through food or synthesized from carbohydrates and amino acids. The amounts of these components, which are generally stored and serve to meet energy needs, depend on the organisms that make up the nutrient. It has been seen that the ratio of 16:1n-7 from the monounsaturated FA is higher in some fish. According to Ackman (1989), this feature is unique to freshwater fish. The ratio of 16:1n-7 found in our study was significantly higher than the rates found in C. umbla from Hazar Lake (Yılmaz et al., 1996), Tuzla Stream, and Tercan Dam Lake (Aras et al., 2009). This finding demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of fish is affected by the water source. We believe that fish nutrients are responsible for this effect. Some phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other microorganisms in the water were found to be high in 16:1n-7. Palmitoleic acid serves important nutritional and biological functions because this component is essential for fat synthesis and storage, as well as signaling pathways between organs, cell differentiation, and proliferation. In our analysis, the percentage of 18:2n-6 in muscle total lipids was lower than in other studies (Yılmaz et al., 1996; Aras et al., 2009) on the same type of fish, while the percentage of 18:3n-3 acid was higher. Fish consume essential fatty acids such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, which they cannot synthesize, and use these components as precursors in the formation of twenty-carbon PUFAs. Analyses show that the ratio of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 acids are generally low in fish (Aggelousis and Lazos, 1991).

In our study, the percentage of 18:2n-6 in the total muscle lipid was lower than in previous studies on the same type of fish (Yılmaz et al., 1996; Aras et al., 2009), while the percentage of 18:3n-3 acid was higher. Henderson and Tocher (1987) reported in their study that the 20:3n-6 ratio in many freshwater fish was 1.5%. This component, which could not be determined in previous studies on C. umbla (Yılmaz et al., 1996, Aras et al., 2009), was found at a rate of less than 1% in the fish species examined in our study. The amount of ARA is high because the solubility of oxygen in hot water is low. Because arachidonic acid is a precursor to eicosanoids, which are vasoconstrictors and stimulate platelet aggregation, only small amounts should be found in fish oils. ARA was found to be lower in the fish species whose total muscle lipids were examined in our study than in the same type of fish previously supplied from other water sources. This could be due to the fact that the Munzur River is colder because the ARA ratio is higher in fish living in warm water environments. The low ARA ratio in Munzur River fish increases the nutritional value of these fish. EPA and DHA were the major fatty acids identified as n- 3 PUFAs in the muscle. Similar results have been reported in Capoeta capoeta (Çakmak et al., 2012), in Capoeta damascina (Fallah et al., 2013) and for Capoeta angorae (Emre et al., 2015). EPA and DHA, which are important n-3 components, have preventive effects on many diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Moreover, EPA is the precursor to eicosanoids, which, unlike ARA, is vasodilator and prevents erythrocyte aggregation. We can say that the fish species we used in our study are rich in EPA and DHA which are n-3 fatty acids.

Fatty acid composition of the PL fraction

Table 3 shows the PL fatty acid content of male C. umbla muscle tissue. The ratio of 16:0 decreased to a minimum level in July (reproduction period, 19.82%). The highest ΣSFA contents were found in November (35.59%). The ΣSFA amounts decreased prior to the reproduction season (January) in C. umbla. Total MUFAs were lowest in April (13.61%). 18:1 n-9 was the most abundant fatty acid in all seasons and ranged from 8.92 to 12.95%. Throughout the year, the PUFAs accounted for 46.05-56.37% of the PL fatty acid composition. The most abundant n-3 PUFA was EPA (18.45-23.3%). This was followed by DHA (13.7-19.41%) and then 22:5n-3 (6.92-9.62%) and n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 8.06-12.40.

Fatty acid composition in the phospholipid fraction of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla</italic> (%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 1.09±0.06a 0.83±0.02ab 0.65±0.02b 0.89±0.03ab
15:0 0.16±0.01a 0.09±0.01b 0.21±0.02c 0.15±0.02a
16:0 19.82±0.91a 23.97±1.13b 21.32±1.20a 21.34±1.13a
17:0 0.68±0.03a 1.54±0.05b 0.50±0.02a 0.77±0.03a
18:0 8.36±0.40a 9.16±0.43a 5.73±0.26b 6.79±0.30b
ΣSFA*** 30.11±1.57a 35.59±1.70b 28.41±1.36a 29.94±1.47a
16:1n-7 6.46±0.29a 3.98±0.20b 5.80±0.27a 4.09±0.19b
18:1n-9 12.9±0.58a 12.72±0.67a 12.95±0.55a 8.92±0.41b
20:1n-9 1.27±0.06a 1.60±0.06a 1.62±0.05a 0.60±0.02b
ΣMUFA 20.63±1.10a 18.3±0.86a 20.37±1.02a 13.61±0.75b
18:2n-6 1.16±0.05a 1.47±0.06b 1.60±0.06b 1.04±0.04a
18:3n-3 2.01±0.10a 2.59±0.13a 1.57±0.07b 1.10±0.06b
20:2n-6 0.14±0.01a 0.23±0.02b 0.17±0.01a 0.14±0.01a
20:3n-6 0.25±0.01a 0.25±0.02a 0.33±0.02b 0.16±0.01c
20:4n-6 2.12±0.12a 2.22±0.15a 3.54±0.17b 3.69±0.14b
20:5n-3 18.8±0.75a 18.45±0.93a 19.23±0.83a 23.3±1.20b
22:5n-3 9.62±2.02a 7.14±2.11a 6.92±1.80a 7.53±2.16a
22:6n-3 15.09±0.80a 13.7±0.65a 17.77±0.76b 19.41±0.90b
ΣPUFA 49.19±2.33a 46.05±2.34b 51.13±2.77a 56.37±2.83c
Σn-3 45.52±2.72a 41.88±1.94b 45.49±2.18a 51.34±2.62c
Σn-6 3.67±0.13a 4.17±0.20a 5.64±0.28b 5.03±0.20b
n-3/n-6 12.40 10.04 8.06 10.20

* Means are the average of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

The major fatty acids were in accordance with those obtained from other freshwater fish (Satar et al., 2012; Görgün et al., 2014, Kayhan et al., 2015): 16:0 in SFA, 18:1n-9 in MUFA, and EPA and DHA among PUFAs were found in the PL fraction. Another important finding was that the rate of stearic acid was found to be higher than total lipids. This is an expected result because, despite being a saturated component, 18:0 accumulates more in the PL fraction.

Henderson and Tocher (1987) found that the n-3/n-6 ratio in freshwater fish PL was between 1.6 and 2.0. The most important reason for the high n-3/n-6 ratio, which is used to determine the nutritional value of fish, in the species we studied is that EPA, one of the important n-3 components, was very high, while n-6 fatty acids were very low.

In response to a decrease in ambient temperature, poichlothermic organisms, such as fish, increase the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in their membrane lipids. This is an adaptation developed to keep the membranes fluid.

Henderson and Tocher (1987) reported that if the ambient temperature decreases, the degree of unsaturation in fatty acids will increase, and in Farkas et al. (1980) the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the PL fraction will increase. These components with increasing percentages can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.

 Fatty acid composition of the TAG fraction

In the muscle TAG fraction, saturated fatty acids 16:0, monounsaturated 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9, polyunsaturated EPA and DHA were the most abundant fatty acids in the percentage distribution.

The results show that the percentage of FAs varied according to season, ranging from 29.40 to 33.58% SFAs; 22.22% to 30.83% MUFAs, and 38.3% to 48.33% PUFAs.

n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 8.53 (January) - 9.37 (July) (Table 4).

Fatty acid composition in triacylglycerol fraction of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla</italic> (%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 1.35±0.07a 2.82±0.12b 1.01±0.08a 2.34±0.15b
15:0 0.16±0.01a 0.27±0.02b 0.27±0.02b 0.24±0.02b
16:0 25.46±1.21a 24.72±1.17a 22.14±1.38a 23.85±1.42a
17:0 0.61±0.03a 0.74±0.03a 0.74±0.03a 0.43±0.02b
18:0 6.0±0.30a 2.67±0.19b 5.24±0.26a 4.48±0.20ab
ΣSFA*** 33.58±1.57a 31.22±1.58ab 29.4±1.51b 31.34±1.99ab
16:1n-7 14.28±0.87a 15.2±0.68a 9.85±0.57b 11.6±0.65b
18:1n-9 12.71±0.67a 13.92±0.63a 10.83±0.54b 11.23±0.57ab
20:1n-9 1.03±0.05a 1.71±0.11b 1.54±0.06b 0.62±0.03c
ΣMUFA 28.02±1.10a 30.83±1.52a 22.22±1.08b 23.45±1.27b
18:2n-6 1.90±0.03a 2.30±0.03b 1.61±0.02c 1.94±0.03a
18:3n-3 5.38±0.25a 13.39±0.32b 2.20±0.13c 3.40±0.15c
20:2n-6 0.15±0.01a 0.17±0.02a 0.13±0.01a 0.18±02a
20:3n-6 0.21±0.02a 0.20±0.01a 0.30±0.02b 0.21±0.02a
20:4n-6 1.43±0.06a 1.07±0.06a 3.03±0.14b 2.07±0.10ab
20:5n-3 17.09±0.78a 10.49±0.57b 19.63±0.98a 22.08±1.18c
22:5n-3 5.91±0.35a 3.56±0.13b 6.45±0.30a 5.85±0.27a
22:6n-3 6.23±0.28a 6.70±0.31a 14.98±0.62b 9.39±0.42ab
ΣPUFA 38.3±1.82a 37.88±1.69a 48.33±2.24b 45.12±2.12b
Σn-3 34.61±1.52a 34.14±1.78a 43.26±2.28b 40.72±2.04b
Σn-6 3.69±0.19a 3.74±0.12a 5.07±0.24b 4.4±0.17ab
n-3/n-6 9.37 9.12 8.53 9.25

* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

Although their rates varied in all periods, ΣPUFA was determined the highest in terms of mean values, ΣSFA followed it and ΣMUFA was determined to be the lowest. It was an interesting finding that ΣPUFA had the highest percentage in the muscle TAG of fish, although they had storage lipids. The reason why there is a large amount of PUFA in the TAG fraction is that the water source is very clean, the oxygen content is high, as well as the fact that the nutrients are rich in EPA and DHA. Dominant PUFA, such as EPA and DHA, is either synthesized from the 18:3n-3 acid obtained from food or obtained directly from the food.

In previous studies, it was observed that the ratio of 16:0 was mostly found in the saturated fatty acids in the muscle TAG fraction of fish, (Kozlova and Khotimchenko, 2000; Görgün et al., 2013).

One of the highest fatty acids in the TAG fraction of fish tissues is 16:1n-7. The ratio of this component in fish collected from the same water source was discovered to be quite different. It was proposed that this component, which is supplied by both food and synthesis, is found in high concentrations in the neutral lipids of freshwater fish.

The high ratio of 18:1n-9 and 16:1n-7 in the TAG fraction, in particular, indicates that these components are used more for energy purposes.

The percentage of polyunsaturated dominant components, EPA and DHA, in the fish muscle TAG fraction varied among species (Görgün et al., 2014; Satar et al., 2012; Kaçar et al., 2016). The percentage of EPA and DHA, which are important n-3 components, was higher in C. umbla collected from the Munzur River than in many freshwater fish (Satar et al., 2012; Kaçar et al., 2016).

Henderson and Tocher, (1987) stated that in the TAG fraction of fish, MUFA is the highest, followed by SFA and with PUFA as the least. Many studies have found this same order (Kozlova and Khotimchenko, 2000; Görgün et al., 2013; Görgün et al., 2014).

The reason for the presence of MUFA being the highest and PUFA being the lowest in the TAG fraction of fish is that this fraction is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids such as 18:1n-9 and 16:1n-7 and poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA.

In our study, unlike other fish species in two seasons, the reason why the TAG fraction had the highest PUFA and the lowest MUFA was that the fish were very rich in EPA (10.49-22.08%) and DHA (6.23-14.98%).

In our study, the n-3/n-6 ratio was significantly higher than in other freshwater fish (Satar et al., 2012; Görgün et al., 2013; Görgün et al., 2014). The most important reason for this is that EPA and DHA, the dominant n-3 components in fish, are relatively high in comparison to other fish, while 18:2n-6, ARA, and 20:3n-6 acids, which are among the n-6 fatty acids, are relatively low.

 Fatty acid composition of PL classes

In the PC fraction, among the saturated FA, 16:0 was found to be the highest (19.66-29.63%), and EPA from the unsaturated FA was found to be 18.66-26.32%, and DHA to be 13.06-19.13%.

It was observed that the ratio of 16:0, and accordingly ΣSFA, decreased in July. It was determined that 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated FA and ΣMUFA, due to this component, decreased in the months representing spring and EPA, DHA and ΣPUFA only slightly increased compared to other months in the same period. The n-3/n-6 ratios were found to be 8.85-10.10 (Table 5).

Fatty acid composition in phosphatidylcholine of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla</italic> (%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 0.28±0.01a 0.44±0.02ab 0.68±0.02b 0.76±0.03b
15:0 0.14±0.01a 0.20±0.01b 0.20±0.02b 0.14±0.01a
16:0 19.66±0.92a 28.69±1.22b 29.63±1.34b 23.92±0.65ab
17:0 0.55±0.03a 0.97±0.05b 0.77±0.03ab 0.66±0.03ab
18:0 3.17±0.13a 2.89±0.15a 2.35±0.19b 2.17±0.10b
ΣSFA*** 23.8±1.08a 33.19±1.57b 33.63±1.62b 27.65±1.40a
16:1n-7 4.72±0.23a 4.04±0.24a 5.90±0.27b 4.29±0.21a
18:1n-9 11.94±0.55a 14.06±0.68a 12.09±0.69a 8.48±0.52b
20:1n-9 1.23±0.06a 1.32±0.05a 1.39±0.10a 0.75±0.03b
ΣMUFA 17.89±0.80a 19.42±0.92a 19.38±0.89a 13.52±0.63b
18:2n-6 2.91±0.13a 2.14±0.09a 1.54±0.09b 1.49±0.10b
18:3n-3 1.32±0.06a 3.34±0.14b 1.22±0.11a 1.53±0.10a
20:2n-6 0.21±0.01a 0.19±0.02a 0.14±0.01b 0.18±0.02a
20:3n-6 0.26±0.02a 0.55±0.03b 0.44±0.02b 0.10±0.01c
20:4n-6 2.04±0.14a 1.71±0.08a 2.64±0.10a 3.52±0.15b
20:5n-3 26.32±1.33a 18.66±0.77b 23.29±1.10a 26.11±1.41a
22:5n-3 8.35±0.44a 5.29±0.32ab 4.56±0.25b 6.68±0.36ab
22:6n-3 16.81±0.73a 15.45±0.62a 13.06±0.67b 19.13±0.85c
ΣPUFA 58.22±2.82a 47.33±2.84b 46.89±2.59b 58.74±2.91a
Σn-3 52.8±2.53a 42.74±2.15b 42.13±2.24b 53.45±2.71a
Σn-6 5.42±0.30a 4.59±0.22a 4.76±0.25a 5.29±0.26a
n-3/n-6 9.74 9.31 8.85 10.10

* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

16:0 was found to be dominant, as in previous studies (Medina et al., 1995; Kızmaz, 2015).

The rate of EPA from twenty-carbon polyunsaturated FA was found to be significantly higher than in previous studies (Lin et al., 2012; Kızmaz, 2015). As previously stated, these Munzur River fish are extremely high in EPA.

The DHA levels in sea fish were found to be higher than in our study (Medina et al., 1995; Takama et al., 1999). The high content of C. umbla with EPA increased the n-3/n-6 ratio in these fish.

In the PC fraction, 16:0 from the saturated FA, 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated FA, EPA and DHA from the polyunsaturated FA were determined as major components. They were found to be dominant in previously studied sea fish (Takama et al., 1999) and in Alburnus tarichi (Kızmaz, 2015).

Previous research has found that PUFA is the most abundant and MUFA is the least abundant. (Lin et al., 2012; Kızmaz, 2015). In our study, we obtained the same results.

Season, environment, nutritional fatty acids, and temperature have all been reported to influence the phospholipid fatty acid composition.

In the PE fatty acid composition, 16:0 from the saturated FA as in the PC fraction, 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated FA and EPA and DHA from the polyunsaturated FA were determined as dominant. However, these components were found at different ratios from the PC fraction.

The levels of 16:0, 18:1n-9, EPA, DHA, ΣSFA, ΣMUFA and ΣPUFA in the male muscles were found in the range of 7.15 to 22.66%, 5.38 to 14.64%, 12.80 to 18.81%, 17.16 to 27.53%, 12.93 to 36.12%, 9.94 to 20.54%, 43.27 to 69.14%, respectively (Table 6).

Fatty acid composition in phosphatidylethanolamine of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla (</italic>%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 0.49±0.02a 0.24±0.01b 1.51±0.06c 0.79±0.03ac
15:0 0.03±0.01a 0.04±0.01a 0.27±0.02b 0.09±0.01c
16:0 7.15±0.35a 15.37±0.74b 22.66±1.08c 15.49±0.70b
17:0 0.62±0.03a 1.39±0.06b 0.74±0.03a 1.15±0.05b
18:0 4.64±0.21a 9.64±0.40b 10.94±0.51b 8.92±0.47b
ΣSFA*** 12.93±0.64a 26.68±1.25b 36.12±1.69c 26.44±1.24b
16:1n-7 3.49±0.17a 2.55±0.11a 4.37±0.21b 3.06±0.15a
18:1n-9 12.32±0.59a 10.61±0.54a 14.64±0.62a 5.38±0.27b
20:1n-9 2.03±0.10a 1.74±0.08b 1.53±0.06b 1.50±0.05b
ΣMUFA 17.84±0.88a 14.9±0.67b 20.54±0.98c 9.94±0.87d
18:2n-6 1.76±0.06a 1.78±0.05a 1.46±0.06ab 1.18±0.03b
18:3n-3 1.12±0.06a 1.53±0.04b 0.93±0.03a 1.43±0.06b
20:2n-6 0.20±0.01a 0.17±0.01a 0.31±0.02b 0.21±0.01a
20:3n-6 0.33±0.02a 0.30±0.01a 0.31±0.02a 0.32±0.02a
20:4n-6 3.30±0.16a 2.69±0.13a 3.09±0.13a 3.86±0.17a
20:5n-3 18.81±0.76a 17.69±0.69a 12.8±0.60b 18.79±0.92a
22:5n-3 16.09±0.74a 11.44±0.55b 7.21±0.30c 10.2±0.49b
22:6n-3 27.53±1.30a 22.72±1.02b 17.16±0.91c 23.18±1.11b
ΣPUFA 69.14±3.36a 58.32±2.81b 43.27±2.23c 59.17±2.88b
Σn-3 63.55±3.12a 53.38±2.60b 38.1±1.79c 53.6±2.57b
Σn-6 5.59±0.27a 4.94±0.21a 5.17±0.28a 5.57±0.25a
n-3/n-6 11.36 10.80 7.36 9.62

* Means are the average of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

In their studies, Medina et al. (1995) and Nadcisa et al. (2001) identified 18:0 as the dominant saturated fatty acid. In our study, however, the predominant saturated component was 16:0.

In terms of EPA and DHA composition, the results were similar to previous studies (Lie et al., 1992; Medina et al., 1995; Nadcisa et al., 2001).

In other studies, the PUFA content was found to be the highest and MUFA to be the lowest, which is similar to our findings (Lin et al., 2012; Kızmaz, 2015).

As previously stated, n-6 components were relatively low in the fish used in this study, while n-3 polyunsaturated components were excessively high, so the n-3/n-6 ratio was found to be higher than in previous studies (Lin et al., 2012; Kızmaz, 2015).

It was found that 16:0 and ΣSFA ratios increased in January, EPA and ΣPUFA increased in July, but its percentage and n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in January. According to our findings, the amount of muscle PE fatty acid in fish increased and decreased depending on the season.

In the PI fraction, 16:0 and 18:0 from the saturated fatty acids, 18:1n-9 from the monounsaturated, and ARA, EPA and DHA from the polyunsaturated FA were determined in greater abundance in the percentage distribution (Table 7).

Fatty acid composition in phosphatidylinositol of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla</italic> (%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 0.49±0.02a 0.46±0.03a 0.24±0.01b 0.32±0.01ab
15:0 0.04±0.01a 0.05±0.01a 0.66±0.05b 0.12±0.02c
16:0 8.18±0.34a 8.06±0.29a 8.79±0.32a 11.02±0.56b
17:0 0.59±0.03a 1.34±0.05b 0.74±0.03a 1.45±0.04b
18:0 20.14±1.12a 28.98±1.40a 36.71±1.78b 35.02±1.77b
ΣSFA*** 29.44±1.27a 38.89±1.95ab 47.14±2.36b 47.93±2.23b
16:1n-7 4.20±0.18a 1.42±0.05b 0.94±0.04b 1.46±0.05b
18:1n-9 12.77±0.59a 7.92±0.37b 6.25±0.31b 6.24±0.25b
20:1n-9 1.14±0.04a 0.77±0.03b 0.67±0.03b 0.66±0.04b
ΣMUFA 18.11±0.78a 10.11±0.50b 7.86±0.41b 8.36±0.47b
18:2n-6 0.86±0.04a 0.73±0.03a 0.28±0.01b 0.99±0.04a
18:3n-3 1.01±0.05a 0.48±0.02b 0.20±0.01c 0.33±0.02bc
20:2n-6 0.19±0.01a 0.51±0.02b 0.13±0.01a 0.19±0.01a
20:3n-6 3.95±0.14a 0.63±0.03b 0.20±0.01c 0.55±0.02b
20:4n-6 5.03±0.25a 10.54±0.39b 10.1±0.43b 9.47±0.50b
20:5n-3 19.6±1.05a 20.11±1.11b 13.5±0.69c 16.13±0.85ac
22:5n-3 8.35±0.43a 6.48±0.28a 6.49±0.33a 5.28±0.24b
22:6n-3 13.38±0.61a 11.44±0.53b 14.02±0.67a 10.7±0.50b
ΣPUFA 52.37±2.63a 50.92±2.53a 44.92±2.14b 43.64±2.19b
Σn-3 42.34±2.06a 38.51±1.84ab 34.21±1.71b 32.44±1.62b
Σn-6 10.03±0.55a 12.41±0.61a 10.71±0.67a 11.2±0.53a
n-3/n-6 4.22 3.10 3.19 2.89

* Means are the averages of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

Similar to previous studies (Lie et al., 1992; Medina et al., 1995; Kızmaz 2015), dominant components in PI were found in this study. When compared to the PC and PE classes, the major saturated fatty acid in the PI class was not 16:0, but 18:0, as in other fish species. All these data showed that it was 18:0 in the sn-1 position in the PI class.

Another finding from our study was that the ARA ratio found in the PI fraction was significantly higher than the value found in the PC and PE classes. Previously, similar results were discovered in other fish species. Therefore, it was reported that the PI was rich in 18:0 from the saturated and in ARA from the polyunsaturated.

The reason for the high percentage of ΣSFA in the PI of fish is that this class is rich in the saturated component 18:0. The n-3/n-6 ratio we determined in the PI class of fish in our study was lower than the PC and PE classes.

The high rate of ARA, one of the major n-6 components, is responsible for the low rate of PI subclass in fish.

The ratio of 16:0 acid from the saturated components increased in April along with 18:0, and due to these fatty acids, ΣSFA increased in January and April, 18:1n-9 and ΣMUFA increased in July, ARA and EPA increased in November, DHA increased in January, and the n-3/n-6 ratio increased in July, compared to other periods.

The highest ratio of 16:0 from dominant saturated components was 21.95%, 18:0, 21.01%, 18:1n-9, 16.98%, EPA 9.12%, DHA 10.96%, ΣSFA 47.29%, ΣMUFA 25.22%, ΣPUFA 30.90%, n-3/n-6 4.93 (Table 8).

Fatty acid composition in phosphatidylserine of the muscle from male <italic>C. umbla</italic> (%)*
Fatty acids July November January April
14:0** 2.67±0.06a 1.96±0.07b 1.85±0.04b 2.22±0.10ab
15:0 0.22±0.01a 0.25±0.01a 0.24±0.02a 0.20±0.01a
16:0 20.0±1.04a 20.04±1.10a 18.67±0.81a 21.95±0.94a
17:0 1.55±0.06a 1.49±0.05a 1.30±0.08a 1.91±0.06a
18:0 19.37±0.92a 15.89±0.77b 18.61±0.85a 21.01±1.11a
ΣSFA*** 43.81±2.13a 39.63±1.91b 40.67±2.07b 47.29±2.27c
16:1n-7 9.68±0.57a 5.37±0.35b 7.77±0.38ab 6.97±0.30ab
18:1n-9 14.78±0.71a 15.25±0.87a 15.97±0.68a 16.98±0.70a
20:1n-9 0.76±0.04a 1.10±0.06ab 1.16±0.04b 0.92±0.04ab
ΣMUFA 25.22±1.32a 21.72±1.14b 24.9±1.20a 24.87±1.17a
18:2n-6 1.37±0.03a 1.95±0.06b 2.08±0.06b 1.11±0.05a
18:3n-3 0.76±0.03a 1.28±0.05b 1.06±0.05b 0.50±0.04a
20:2n-6 0.23±0.01a 0.53±0.03b 0.25±0.01a 0.67±0.04b
20:3n-6 0.27±0.01a 0.53±0.03b 0.33±0.01a 0.10±0.01a
20:4n-6 3.34±0.13a 2.20±0.10b 3.60±0.16a 3.15±0.11a
20:5n-3 9.12±0.44a 8.62±0.35a 4.42±0.17b 6.26±0.23ab
22:5n-3 5.31±0.28a 5.01±0.20a 7.17±0.37a 6.45±0.30a
22:6n-3 10.5±0.52a 9.26±0.47a 10.96±0.63a 9.52±0.50a
ΣPUFA 30.9±1.40a 29.38±1.26a 29.87±1.33a 27.76±1.30a
Σn-3 25.69±1.13a 24.17±1.19a 23.61±1.10a 22.73±1.66a
Σn-6 5.21±0.26a 5.21±0.18a 6.26±0.23a 5.03±0.27a
n-3/n-6 4.93 4.63 3.77 4.51

* Means are the average of 3 replicates. ** Values reported are means ±standard deviation; means followed by different letters in the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s test. *** SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids

According to the previous study, PS had the highest percentage of SFA among the classes, and this class contained 16:0 and 18:0 acids in similar proportions, as well as DHA in low proportions. (Medina et al., 1995).

Similar results were found in this study in terms of 16:0 and 18:0 values (16:0 18.67-21.95%, 18:0 15.89-21.01%). Moreover, in our study, the rate of DHA was found to be lower than the PC and PE classes, similar to the previous study (Medina et al., 1995). The percentage of 18:1n-9 increased in April, and EPA and ΣPUFA increased in July.

Conclusions

The highest n-3/n-6 ratio found in the fish’s total muscle lipid was 10.81. The n-3/n-6 ratio is used to assess the quality of fish oils. The fact that these values are significantly higher than all other freshwater fish studied in Turkey to date indicates that the nutritional value of these Munzur River fish species is very high. The PL and TAG fatty acid compositions of the fish were found to be different. Monounsaturated fatty acids such as 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, and thus MUFA and 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 were found to be more abundant in the triacylglycerols. In PL, unsaturated fatty acids such as 18:0, 20:3n-6, ARA and DHA from the saturated FA were higher. TAG and PL fatty acid compositions were found to vary depending on the season, breeding period, and temperature. Furthermore, it was discovered that different PL classes had different fatty acid compositions based on their biochemical functions.

 Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the Scientific Research Project of Dicle University (DUAPK-13-FF-75).

 Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

 Ethical approval

All applicable national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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