Utilization of unsaponifiable matter from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate for preparing an antioxidant-rich oleogel and evaluation of its properties

S. Sahu; M. Ghosh; D. K. Bhattacharyya

doi:10.3989/gya.0938182

Authors

S. Sahu School of Community Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9446-9584
M. Ghosh School of Community Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-0785
D. K. Bhattacharyya School of Community Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7145-3654

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0938182

Keywords:

Oleogels, RBOFAD, Rice bran oil, Rice bran wax, UMRBOFAD

Abstract

Rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD) is an important by-product obtained from the physical refining process. This fatty acid distillate contains high a amount of Unsaponifiable Matter (γ-oryzanol 3.27 gm/100gm UM; total tocopherol 10.93 mg/100 g UM; total phytosterol 21.81 g/100g UM; squalene 1.15 g/100 g UM and total fatty alcohol 73.34 g/100 g UM) and free fatty acids. Antioxidant-rich Oleogels were obtained from rice bran wax (RBW), rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD) and refined rice bran oil. The main objective of this study was to utilize the antioxidant-rich unsaponifiable matter of RBOFAD (UMRBOFAD) as an organogelator along with rice bran wax, which also acts as a good organogelator. Antioxidant-rich oleogel was prepared using UMRBFAD, ethylcellulose (EC) and RBW at 2%, 2%, 3% on weight basis, respectively, in refined rice bran oil and this antioxidant-rich oleogel was compared with rice bran oil oleogel using RBW at 7% on weight basis of rice bran oil. These oleogels were evaluated using a combination of techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM), Viscosity, synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and FTIR Spectroscopy. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measured the thermal properties of rice bran oil oleogel and high antioxidant-rich oleogel. Polarized light microscopy images revealed needle-like crystals for RBW. SR-XRD measurements were used for clarification of the crystal structures of the building blocks of these oleogels. The antioxidant activities of oleogels were evaluated involving DPPH and ABTS assays.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad Nayik G, Majid I, Gull A, Muzaffar K. 2015. Rice bran oil, the future edible oil of India: A mini Review. Rice Res. Open Access 03, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4338.1000151

Bin Sintang MD, Rimaux T, Walle DV, Dewettinck K, Patel AR. 2016. Oil structuring properties of monoglycerides and phytosterols mixtures. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 119, 1500517. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201500517

Calligaris S, Mirolo G, Pieve SD, Arrighetti G, Nicoli MC. 2013. Effect of Oil Type on Formation, Structure and Thermal Properties of ?-oryzanol and ?-sitosterol-Based Organogels. Food Biophys. 9, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-013-9318-z

Chen M-H, Bergman CJ. 2005. A rapid procedure for analysing rice bran tocopherol, tocotrienol and g-oryzanol contents. J. Food Compos. Anal. 18, 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2003.09.004

Dassanayake LSK, Kodali DR, Ueno S. 2011. Formation of oleogels based on edible lipid materials. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 16, 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2011.05.005

Doan CD, Walle DV, Dewettinck K, Patel AR. 2015. Evaluating the Oil-Gelling Properties of Natural Waxes in Rice Bran Oil: Rheological, Thermal, and Microstructural Study. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 92, 801-811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-015-2645-0

Escrich E, Solanas M, Moral R. 2014. Olive Oil and Other Dietary Lipids in Breast Cancer. in Cancer Treatment and Research. Advances in Nutrition and Cancer 31, 289-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_17 PMid:24114487

Gómez-Estaca J, Herrero AM, Herranz B, Alvarez MD, Jimenez-Colmenero F, Cofrades S. 2019. Characterization of ethyl cellulose and beeswax oleogels and their suitability as fat replacers in healthier lipid pâtés development. Food Hydrocoll. 87, 960-969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.09.029

Gupta AK, Savopoulos CG, Ahuja J, Hatzitolios AI. 2011. Role of phytosterols in lipid-lowering: current perspectives. QJM 104, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr007 PMid:21325285

Hwang H-S, Singh M, Bakota EL, Winkler-Moser JK, Kim S, Liu SX. 2013. Margarine from Organogels of Plant Wax and Soybean Oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90, 1705-1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-013-2315-z

Hwang H-S, Kim S, Singh M, Winkler-Moser JK, Liu SX . 2011. Organogel Formation of Soybean Oil with Waxes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 89, 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1953-2

Jayathilake C, Rizliya V, Liyanage R. 2016. Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Extensively Used Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka. Procedia Food Sci. 6, 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.028

Li X, Wu X, Huang L. 2009. Correlation between Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Contents of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Danggui). Molecules 14, 5349-5361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125349 PMid:20032898 PMCid:PMC6255375

Nijjar PS, Burke FM, Bloesch A, Rader DJ. 2010. Role of dietary supplements in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A review. J. Clin. Lipidol. 4, 248-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2010.07.001 PMid:21122657

Ögütcü M, Arifoglu N, Yılmaz E. 2015. Storage stability of cod liver oil organogels formed with beeswax and carnauba wax. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 50, 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12612

Patel AR, Dewettinck K. 2015. Comparative evaluation of structured oil systems: Shellac oleogel, HPMC oleogel, and HIPE gel. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117, 1772-1781. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400553 PMid:26726293 PMCid:PMC4690198

Pengkumsri N, Chaiyasut C, Sivamaruthi BS, Saenjum C, Sirilun S, Peerajan S, Suwannalert P, Sirisattha S, Chaiyasut K, Kesika P. 2015. The influence of extraction methods on composition and antioxidant properties of rice bran oil. Food Sci. Technol. 35, 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.6730

Sahu S, Ghosh M, Bhattacharyya DK. 2018. Isolation of the unsaponifiable matter (squalene, phytosterols, tocopherols, ?-oryzanol and fatty alcohols) from a fatty acid distillate of rice bran oil. Grasas Aceites 69, e262. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1112172

Stortz TA, Marangoni AG. 2014. The replacement for petrolatum: Thixotropic ethylcellulose oleogels in triglyceride oils. Green Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC00052H

Troni KL, Silva SM, Meirelles AJA, Ceriani R. 2013. Study of Fatty Acid and Fatty Alcohol Formation from Hydrolysis of Rice Bran Wax. Chem. Eng. Trans. 32, 1747-1752.

Yang S, Li G, Saleh ASM. 2017. Functional Characteristics of Oleogel Prepared from Sunflower Oil with ?-Sitosterol and Stearic Acid. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 94, 1153-1164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-017-3026-7

Yılmaz E, Ö?ütcü M. 2014. Properties and Stability of Hazelnut Oil Organogels with Beeswax and Monoglyceride. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 91, 1007-1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2434-1

Zetzl AK, Gravelle AJ, Kurylowicz M, Dutcher J, Barbut S, Marangoni AG. 2014. Microstructure of ethylcellulose oleogels and its relationship to mechanical properties. Food Struct. 2, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foostr.2014.07.002