Characterization of Leucaena (<em>Leucaena leucephala</em>) oil by direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source and gas chromatography

M. Alam; N. M. Alandis; E. Sharmin; N. Ahmad; B. F. Alrayes; D. Ali

doi:10.3989/gya.0939162

Authors

M. Alam Research Center-College of Science, King Saud University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-8532
N. M. Alandis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-9800
E. Sharmin Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3262-0162
N. Ahmad Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2913-1763
B. F. Alrayes Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5319-2785
D. Ali Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8034-4473

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0939162

Keywords:

Cytotoxicity, Gas Chromatography, Leucaena oil, Thermal analysis, TOF-MS

Abstract

For the first time, we report the characterization of triacylglycerols and fatty acids in Leucaena (Leucaena leucephala) oil [LUCO], an unexplored nontraditional non-medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. LUCO was converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). We analyzed the triacylglycerols (TAGs) of pure LUCO and their FAMEs by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) followed by multivariate analysis for discrimination among the FAMEs. Our investigations for the analysis of LUCO samples represent noble features of glycerides. A new type of ion source, coupled with high-resolution TOF-MS was applied for the comprehensive analysis of triacylglycerols. The composition of fatty acid based LUCO oil was studied using Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). The major fatty acid components of LUCO oil are linoleic acid (52.08%) oleic acid (21.26%), palmitic acid (7.91%) and stearic acid (6.01%). A metal analysis in LUCO was done by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The structural elucidation and thermal stability of LUCO were studied by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectroscopic techniques and TGA-DSC, respectively. We also measured the cytotoxicity of LUCO.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alam M, Alandis NM. 2014. Corn oil based poly(ether amide urethane) coating material-Synthesis, characterization and coating properties. Ind. Crops Prod. 57, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.023

Barison A, Silva CWP, Campos FR, Simonelli F, Lenz CA, Ferreira AG. 2010. A simple methodology for the determination of fatty acid composition in edible oils through 1H NMR spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Chem. 48, 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.2629

Bhatnagar AS, Kumar PKP, Hemavathy J, Krishna AGG.2009. Fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, and radical scavenging activity of vegetable oil blends with coconut oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86, 991–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1435-y

Bosque-Sendra JM, Cuadros-Rodrígueza L, Ruiz-Samblása C, de la Mata AP, 2012. Combining chromatography and chemometrics for the characterization andauthentication of fats and oils from triacylglycerol compositional data—A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 724, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.041 PMid:22483203

Dodds ED, Mc Coya MR, Rea LD, Kennish JM, 2005. Gas chromatographic quantification of fatty acid methyl esters: flame ionization detection vs. electron impact mass spectrometry. Lipids 40, 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-1399-8 PMid:16028722

Dugo G, Bonaccorsi I, Sciarrone D, Schipilliti L, Russo M, Cotroneo A, Dugo P, Mondello L, Raymo V. 2012. Characterization of cold-pressed and processed bergamot oils by using GC-FID, GC-MS, GC-C-IRMS, enantio-GC, 24, 93–117. MDGC, HPLC and HPLC-MS-IT-TOF. J. Essent. Oil Res.

Easter JL, Steiner RR. 2014. Pharmaceutical identifier confirmation via DART-TOF. Forensic Sci. Int. 240,9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.009 PMid:24770424

Fardin-Kia AR, Delmonte P, Kramer JKG, Jahreis G, Kuhnt K, Santercole V, Rader JI. 2013. Separation of the fatty acids in menhaden oil as methyl esters with a highly polar ionic liquid gas chromatographic column and identification by time of flight mass spectrometry. Lipids 48, 1279–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-013-3830-2 PMid:24043585

Gómez-González S, Ruiz-Jiménez J, Luque de Castro MD. 2011. Oil content and fatty acid profile of Spanish cultivars during olive fruit ripening. J. Am Oil Chem. Soc. 88, 1737–1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1840-x

Hajslova J, Cajka T, Vaclavik L. 2011. Challenging applications offered by direct analysis in real time (DART) in food-quality and safety analysis. Trends Anal. Chem. 30, 204– 218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.001

Hsu WH, Jiang SJ, Sahayam AC. 2013. Determination of Cu, As, Hg and Pb in vegetable oils by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with palladium nanoparticles as modifier. Talanta 117, 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.013 PMid:24209340

Kubo A, Satoh T, Itoh Y, Hashimoto M, Tamura J, Cody RB. 2013. Structural analysis of triacylglycerols by using a MALDITOF/TOF System with monoisotopic precursor selection. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 24, 684–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-012-0513-9 PMid:23247968 PMCid:PMC3641297

Lesiak A D, Cody R B, Dane A J, Musah R A. 2014. Rapid detection by direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry(DART-MS) of psychoactive plant drugs of abuse: The case of mitragyna speciosa aka ''Kratom''. Forensic. Sci. Int. 242, 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.07.005 PMid:25086346

Mercy B, Johannes AAM. 2016. Determination of the triacylglycerol content for the identification and assessment of purity of shea butter fat, peanut oil and palm kernel oil using maldi-tof/tof mass spectroscopic technique. Int. J. Food Prop. 20, 271–280.

Mess A, Enthaler B, Fischer M, Rapp C, Pruns JK, Vietzke JP. 2013. A novel sampling method for identification of endogenous skin surface compounds by use of DART-MS and MALDI-MS. Talanta 103, 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.073 PMid:23200405

Mullen BF, Gabunada F, Shelton HM, Stur WW. 2003. Agronomic evaluation of leucaena. Part 2. Productivity of the genus for forage production in subtropical Australia and humid-tropical Philippines. Agroforest Syst. 58, 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026040631267

Mulongy K, Meersch M K V. 1998. Nitrogen contribution leucaena (leucaena leuco cephala) prunings to maiz in an alley cropping system. Bio. Fertil Soils 6, 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00261013

Muthukrishnan P, Jeyaprabha B, Prakash P. 2013. Corrosion Inhibition of Leucaena Leucocephala pod on mild steel in sulphuric acid solution. Acta Metall. Sin. (Eng. Lett) 26, 416–424.

Mosmann T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Meth. 65, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4

Nehdi I A. 2013. Cupressus sempervirens var. horizentalis seed oil: Chemical composition, physicochemical characteristics, and utilizations. Ind. Crops Prod. 41, 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.046

Nehdi IA, Sbihi H, Tan CP, Al-Resayes SI. 2014. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seed oil: Characterization and uses Ind. Crops Prod. 52, 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.021

Schneider RCS, Baldissarelli VZ, Trombetta F, Martinelli M, Caramão EB. 2004. Optimization of gas chromatographic– mass spectrometric analysis for fatty acids in hydrogenated castor oil obtained by catalytic transfer hydrogenation. Anal. Chim. Acta 505, 223–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.070

Pehlivana E, Arslan G, Gode F, Altun T, Özcan MM. 2008. Determination of some inorganic metals in edible vegetable oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Grasas Aceites 59, 239–244. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2008.v59.i3.514

Reiter B, Lorbeer E. 2001. Analysis of the wax ester fraction of olive oil and sunflower oil by gas chromatographyand gas Chromatography–mass spectrometry. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78, 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-001-0359-z

Rezanka T, ?ezanková H. 1999. Characterization of fatty acids and triacylglycerols in vegetable oils by gas chromatography and statistical analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 398, 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00385-2

Seenuvasan M, Selvi PK, Kumar M A, Iyyappan J, Kumar KS. 2014. Standardization of non-edible pongamia pinnata oil methyl ester conversion using hydroxyl content and GC– MS analysis. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 45, 1485–1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.11.002

Tavassoli?Kafrani MH, Foley P, Kharraz E, Curtis JM. 2016. Quantification of nonanal and oleic acid formed during the ozonolysis of vegetable oil free fatty acids or fatty acid methyl esters. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 93, 303–310.

Vaclavik L, Cajka T, Hrbek V, Hajslova J. 2009. Ambient mass spectrometry employing direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source for olive oil quality and authenticity assessment. Anal. Chim. Acta 645, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.043 PMid:19481631

Wang Y, Li C, Huang L, Liu L, Guo Y, Ma L, Liu S. 2014, Rapid identification of traditional chinese herbal medicine by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 845, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.014 PMid:25201274

Wang Y, Liu L, Ma L, Liu S. 2014. Identification of saccharides by using direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 357, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2013.09.008

Xu B, Li P, Ma F, Wang X, Matthäus B, Chen R, Yang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Q. 2015. Detection of virgin coconut oil adulteration with animal fats using quantitative cholesterol by GC?GC–TOF/MS analysis. Food Chem. 178, 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.035 PMid:25704693