GC/MS quantification of individual fatty acids of selected green leafy vegetable foliage and their biodiesel attributes

S.S. Kumar; V. Manasa; C.K. Madhubalaji; A.W. Tumaney; P. Giridhar

doi:10.3989/gya.0907212

Authors

S.S. Kumar Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) - Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1293-4284
V. Manasa Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) - Department of Lipid Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5887-3136
C.K. Madhubalaji Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) - Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7843-1244
A.W. Tumaney Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) - Department of Lipid Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-0123
P. Giridhar Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) - Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5555-122X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0907212

Keywords:

Biodiesel properties, Fatty acids, Green leafy vegetables, Total oil

Abstract

The current demand for edible vegetable oil is increasing worldwide, and the development of new sources of high-quality vegetable edible oil is an essential task. There is also a huge demand for biodiesel in domestic and industrial applications, and foliage oils could be a good source for diesel applications. The current study aimed at the identification and quantification of fatty acids from commonly consumed green leafy vegetables (GLVs) viz., Hibiscus cannabinus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Basella alba, Basella rubra, and Rumex vesicarius and to calculate the biodiesel attributes of the oil. The total oil content was ascertained as the highest in R. vesicarius foliage (3.91 ± 0.27 g/100 g dry leaf powder). GC/MS chromatographic investigation identified 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid as a significant compound followed by hexadecanoic acid. In Hibiscus spp. C18:3 (49.3 µmol % and 50.4 µmol %) was recorded to be the most noteworthy followed by C16:0 (23.2 µmol % and 21 µmol %) in H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa, respectively. The GLVs foliage-fatty acid biodiesel attributes were additionally assessed through an empirical formula. Consequently, the overall examined results will be helpful for the investigation of these oils as vegetable oil for human consumption and biodiesel applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aburjai T, Natsheh FM. 2003. Plants used in cosmetics. Phytotherapy Research: An international journal devoted to pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Natural Products and Derivatives, 17, 987-1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1363 PMid:14595575

Alfawaz MA. 2006. Chemical composition of hummayd (Rumex vesicarius) grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Food Comp. Anal. 19, 552-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.09.004

AOCS 2003. Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemist's Society, Champaign.

Chuah LF, Klemeš JJ, Yusup S, Bokhari A, Akbar MM. 2017. Influence of fatty acids in waste cooking oil for cleaner biodiesel. Clean. Technol. Environ. 19, 859-868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1274-0

Das UN. 2006. Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology. Biotechnol. J. Healthcare Nutr. Technol. 1, 420-439. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200600012 PMid:16892270

de Freitas ON, Rial RC, Cavalheiro LF, dos Santos Barbosa JM, Nazário CED, Viana LH. 2019. Evaluation of the oxidative stability and cold filter plugging point of soybean methyl biodiesel/bovine tallow methyl biodiesel blends. Ind. Crops Prod. 140, 111667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111667

Diemeleou CA, Zoue LT, Niamke SL. 2014. Basella alba seeds as a novel source of non-conventional oil with beneficial qualities. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. 19, 8966.

Gopala Krishna AG, Hemakumar KH, Khatoon S. 2006. Study on the composition of rice bran oil and its higher free fatty acids value. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83, 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-1183-1

Gunstone FD. 2011. Production and trade of vegetable oils. In: Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties and uses. 2, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444339925.ch1

Hoseini SS, Najafi G, Sadeghi A. 2019. Chemical characterization of oil and biodiesel from Common Purslane (Portulaca) seed as novel weed plant feedstock. Ind. Crops Prod. 140, 111582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111582

Igbum OG, Leke L, Okoronkwo MU, Eboka A, Nwadinigwe CA. 2013. Evaluation of fuel properties from free fatty acid compositions of methyl esters obtained from four tropical virgin oils. Int. J. Appl. Chem. 9, 37-49.

Jin CW, Ghimeray AK, Wang L, Xu ML, Piao JP, Cho DH. 2013. Far infrared assisted kenaf leaf tea preparation and its effect on phenolic compounds, antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity. J. Med. Plants Res. 7, 1121-1128.

Kim JM, Lyu JI, Lee MK, Kim DG, Kim JB, Ha BK, Kwon SJ. 2019. Cross-species transferability of EST-SSR markers derived from the transcriptome of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and their application to genus Hibiscus. Gen. Res. Crop Evol. 66, 1543-1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00817-2

Kumar D, Singh B. 2018. Tinospora cordifolia stem extract as an antioxidant additive for enhanced stability of Karanja biodiesel. Ind. Crops Prod. 123, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.049

Kumar SS, Manasa V, Tumaney AW, Bettadaiah BK, Chaudhari SR, Giridhar P. 2020. Chemical composition, nutraceuticals characterization, NMR confirmation of squalene and antioxidant activities of Basella rubra L. seed oil. RSC Adv. 10, 31863-31873. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA06048H PMid:35518177 PMCid:PMC9056543

Kumar SS, Manoj P, Giridhar P, Shrivastava R, Bharadwaj M. 2015b. Fruit extracts of Basella rubra that are rich in bioactives and betalains exhibit antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against human cervical carcinoma cells. J. Funct. Foods, 15, 509-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.052

Kumar SS, Manoj P, Giridhar P. 2015a. Nutrition facts and functional attributes of foliage of Basella spp. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 64, 468-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.05.017

Kumar SS, Manoj P, Nimisha G, Giridhar P. 2016. Phytoconstituents and stability of betalains in fruit extracts of Malabar spinach (Basella rubra L.). J. Food Sci. Technol. 53, 4014-4022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2404-8 PMid:28035157 PMCid:PMC5156645

Madhubalaji CK, Chandra TS, Chauhan VS, Sarada R, Mudliar SN. 2020. Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in airlift photobioreactor with transparent draft tube: effect of hydrodynamics, light and carbon dioxide on biochemical profile particularly ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio. J. Food Sci. Technol. 57, 866-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04118-5 PMid:32123407 PMCid:PMC7026330

Mohamed R, Fernandez J, Pineda M, Aguilar M. 2007. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed oil is a rich source of γ-Tocopherol. J. Food Sci. 72, 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00285.x

Montero G, Stoytcheva M. 2011. Biodiesel: Quality, emissions and by-products. BoD-Books on Demand. https://doi.org/10.5772/2284

Mostafa, HAM. 2014. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of callus and adventitious root extracts from Rumex vesicarius L. J. Med. Plant Res. 8, 479-488. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.846

Paraíso CM, dos Santos SS, Ogawa CYL, Sato F, dos Santos OA, Madrona GS. 2020. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract: Characterization (FTIR-ATR), storage stability and food application. Emir. J. Food Agric. 32, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i1.2059

Salas JJ, Bootello MA, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R. 2009. Tropical vegetable fats and butters: properties and new alternatives. Ocl-Ol Corps Gras Li, 16, 254-258. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2009.0278

Sekhar SC, Karuppasamy K, Vedaraman N, Kabeel AE, Sathyamurthy R, Elkelawy M, Bastawissi HAE. 2018. Biodiesel production process optimization from Pithecellobium dulce seed oil: Performance, combustion, and emission analysis on compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel/biodiesel blends. Energy Convers. Manag. 161, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.074

Shereena KM, Thangaraj T. 2009. Biodiesel: an alternative fuel produced from vegetable oils by transesterification. Electr. J. Biol. 5, 67-74.

Srinivasan GR, Jambulingam R. 2019. Theoretical prediction of thermophysical properties of waste beef tallow biodiesel. https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.8148710.v1

Valenga MGP, Boschen NL, Rodrigues PRP, Maia GAR. 2019. Agro-industrial waste and Moringa oleifera leaves as antioxidants for biodiesel. Ind. Crops Prod. 128, 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.031

Wang ML, Morris B, Tonnis B, Davis J, Pederson GA. 2012. Assessment of oil content and fatty acid composition variability in two economically important Hibiscus species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60, 6620-6626. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf301654y PMid:22703121

Wu Y, Yuan W, Han X, Hu J, Yin L, Lv Z. 2020. Integrated analysis of fatty acid, sterol and tocopherol components of seed oils obtained from four varieties of industrial and environmental protection crops. Ind. Crops Prod. 154, 112655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112655