A study of the differences between trade standards inside and outside Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.0446171Keywords:
Analytical methods, International trade standards, Olive oil, ValidationAbstract
The definitions of olive oil categories are common or very similar for all the international regulatory bodies, and in many cases the text is even literally the same. However, the values of some parameters which chemically define the different categories do not have the same degree of agreement. These disagreements mean a difficult task for importers and exporters who have to deal with these differences when they need to defend the quality and genuineness of their product. This work analyzes the differences found when scrutinizing the current trade standards and regulations from a critical viewpoint, with comments and useful tips for improving the current International Olive Council methods when possible, as well as alternatives from non targeted techniques. The values of precision associated with the International Olive Council methods are also examined and the need for re-validating methods to update the analytical quality parameters is discussed.
Downloads
References
Angerosa F, Campestre C. 2013. Sensory Quality: Methodologies and Applications, in Aparicio R, Harwood J (Eds.) Handbook of Olive Oil. Analysis and Properties, second ed., Springer, New York, pp. 589–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7777-8_14
Aparicio R, Conte LS, Fiebig HJ. 2013. Olive oil authentication, in Aparicio R, Harwood J (Eds.) Handbook of Olive Oil. Analysis and Properties, second ed., Springer, New York, pp. 589–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7777-8_16
Aparicio R, Ferreiro L, Alonso V. 1994. Effect of climate on the chemical composition of virgin olive oil. Anal. Chim. Acta 292, 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00065-4
Aparicio R, Ferreiro L, Rodríguez-Morales JL. 1991. Characterization of Andalusian virgin olive oils: SEXIA Project, in Informaciones Técnicas 13/91. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain, pp. 1-96.
Aparicio R, Morales M.T, García-González DL. 2012. Towards new analyses of aroma and volatiles to understand sensory perception of olive oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 114, 1114–1125. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201200193
Aparicio-Ruiz R, Aparicio R, García-González DL. 2014. Does "Best Before" date embody extra-virgin olive oil freshness? J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 554–556. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf405220d PMid:24392818
Baeten V, Dardenne P, Aparicio R. 2001. Interpretation of Fourier transform Raman spectra of the unsaponifiable matter in a selection of edible oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 5098-5107. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010146x PMid:11714288
Barjol, J-L. 2013. Introduction, in Aparicio R, Harwood J (Eds.) Handbook of Olive Oil. Analysis and Properties, second ed., Springer, New York, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7777-8_1
Dais P. 2013. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Methodologies and Applications, in Aparicio R, Harwood J (Eds.) Handbook of Olive Oil. Analysis and Properties, second ed, Springer, New York, pp. 395-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7777-8_11
European Commission (EC). EC-DG-AGRI and JRC-IRMM. 2015. Workshop on sensory analysis for better quality of virgin olive oil. Newsletter, October 2015, Milan. https:// ec.europa.eu/agriculture/expo-milano-2015/cap-events/ virgin-olive-oil_en
Gallardo-Guerrero L, Gandul-Rojas B, Roca M, Mínguez- Mosquera MI. 2005. Effect of storage on the original pigment profile of Spanish virgin olive oil. J. Am. Soc. Chem. Soc. 82, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1039-8
Gertz C, Fibig J-H. 2006. Pyropheophytin a – Determination of thermal degradation products of chlorophyll a in virgin olive oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108, 1062–1065. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200600164
Lanzón A. 1990. Changed produced in the components of the unsaponifiable of olive oil as consequence of the refining process. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
León-Camacho M, Morales MT, Aparicio R. 2013. Chromatographic methodologies: compounds for olive oil traceability issues, in Aparicio R, Harwood J (Eds.) Handbook of Olive Oil. Analysis and Properties, second ed., Springer, New York, pp. 163-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7777-8_6
Li Y, García–González DL, Yu X, van de Voort FR. 2008. Determination of free fatty acids in edible oils using a variable filter array (VFA) IR spectrometer. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 85, 599–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-008-1232-z
Magnusson B, Örnemark U. 2014. Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods – A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics. second Edition. Available from www.eurachem.org.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.