Functional ingredients and cardiovascular protective effect of pumpkin seed oils

S. Y. Al-Okbi; D. A. Mohamed; E. Kandil; E. K. Ahmed; S. E. Mohammed

doi:10.3989/gya.062813

Authors

S. Y. Al-Okbi Food Sciences and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre
D. A. Mohamed Food Sciences and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre
E. Kandil Biochemistry Department Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
E. K. Ahmed Biochemistry Department Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
S. E. Mohammed Food Sciences and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.062813

Keywords:

Adiponectin, European and Egyptian PSO, Hypercholesterolemia, Lipid profile, Oxidative stress, Rats

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cardiovascular protective effect of Egyptian and European umpkin seed oil (PSO) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Tocopherols, fatty acids (FAs) and unsaponifiable matter (UNSAP) were assessed in both oils. The results showed that α-tocopherol was 108 and 273, γ-tocopherol was 3.95 and 0 and d-tocopherol was 0 and 1.58 mg·100 g^-1 oil of the Egyptian and European, respectively. GLC analysis of FAs revealed the presence of linoleic acid as the major fatty acid in both oils. Feeding a hypercholesterolemic diet produced a significant increase in plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch), triglycerides (TGs), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, T-Ch/HDL-Ch, TGs/HDL-Ch and malondialdehyde and a significant reduction in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Ch), vitamin E, and adiponectin. Rats fed on hypercholesterolemic diet with either oil showed a significant improvement in all biochemical parameters

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alhassan S, Reese KA, Mahurin J, Plaisance EP, Hilson BD, Garner JC, Wee SO, Grandjean PW. 2006. Blood lipid responses to plant stanol ester supplementation and aerobic exercise training. Metabolism. 55, 541–549.

Amaral JS, Casal S, Torres D, Seabra RM, Oliveira BP. 2005. Simultaneous determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in hazelnuts by a normal phase liquid chromatographic method. Anal. Sci. 21, 1545–1548.

Ansari NM, Houlihan L, Hussain B, Pieroni A, 2005. Antioxidant activity of five vegetables traditionally consumed by South-Asian migrants in Bradford, Yorkshire, UK. Phytother. Res. 19, 907–911.

A.O.A.C. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed.). (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD).

Berger A, Jones PJH, Abumweis SS. 2004. Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Dis. 3, 5–24.

Bravi E, Perretti G, Montanari L. 2006. Fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detector. J. Chromatogr. A. 1134, 210–214.

Bruckdorfer KR. 1995. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Vasc. Med. Rev. 6, 1–6.

Burstein M, Scholnick HR, Morfin R. 1970. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. J. Lipid Res. 11, 583–595.

Carmena R, Duriez P, Fruchart JC. 2004. Atherogenic lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 109 (23 Suppl 1), III2–III7. Carluccio MA, Massaro M, Bonfrate C, Siculella L, Maffia M, Nicolardi G, Distante A, Storelli C, De Caterina R. 1999. Oleic acid inhibits endothelial activation: direct vascular antiatherogenic mechanism of a nutritional component in the Mediterranean diet. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 220–228.

Cerny, K, Korydylas, M, Pospisil, F, Svabensk, O, Zajiir, B. 1971. British J. Nutrit. 26, 293–298.

Chandran M, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR. 2003. Adiponectin: more than just another fat cell hormone? Diabetes Care 26, 2442–2450.

Christon RA. 2003. Mechanisms of action of dietary fatty acids in regulating the activation of vascular endothelial cells during atherogenesis. Nutr. Rev. 61, 272–279.

da Luz PL, Favarato D, Faria-Neto JR Jr, Lemos P, Chagas AC. 2008. High ratio of triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol predicts extensive coronary disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 63, 427–432.

de Jong A, Plat J, Ltjohann D, Mensink RP. 2008. Effects of long-term plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. Brit. J. Nutr. 100, 937–941.

Desia ID, Machlin LJ. 1985. Vitamin E. In: Methods of Vitamin Assay. (eds. J. Augustin, B.P. Klein, D. Becker, P.B. Venugopal). 4th edition. A widely Interscience Publication John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 255–275.

Dreikorn K 2002. The role of phytotherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J. Urol. 19, 426–435.

El-Adawy TA, Taha KM. 2001. Characteristics and composition of watermelon, pumpkin, and paprika seed oils and flours. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1253–1259.

Fernández-Robredo P, Rodriguez JA, Sádaba LM, Recalde S, Garcìa-Layana A. 2008. Egg Yolk improves lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and retinal abnormalities in a murine model of genetic hypercholesterolemia. J. Nutr. Biochem. 19, 40–48.

Fruehwirth GO, Hermetter A. 2007. Seeds and oil of the Styrian oil pumpkin: components and biological activities. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech. 109, 1128–1140.

Geetha T, Garg A, Chopra K, Pal I. 2004. Delineation of antimutagenic activity of catechin, epicatechin and green tea extract. Mutat Res. 22; 556 (1–2), 65–74.

Gerard T, Gerald AL. 1981. Process and reagents for the selective separation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and for the quantification of their components. Eur. Path. (Appl.) E.P. 76, 211–223.

Gey GF. 1986. On the antioxidant hypothesis with regard to atherosclerosis. Bilb. Nutr. Dieta. 37, 53–91.

Gokkusu C, Mostafazadeh T. 2003. Changes of oxidative stress in various tissues by long-term administration of vitamin E in hypercholesterolemic rats. Clin. Chim. Acta 328, 155–161.

Gossell-Williams M, Lyttle K, Clarke T, Gardner M, Simon O Phytother Res. 2008. Supplementation with pumpkin seed oil improves plasma lipid profile and cardiovascular outcomes of female non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. 22 (7), 873–877.

Harvath S, Bedo Z. 1988. Another possibility in treatment of hyperlipidemia with peponen of natural active sub-stance. Mediflora. 89, 7–8.

Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, Iwahashi H, Kuriyama H, Ouchi N, Maeda K, Nishida M, Kihara S, Sakai N, Nakajima T, Hasegawa K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y. 2000. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20, 1595–1599.

Im DS. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids in anti-inflammation (pro-resolution) and GPCRs. Prog Lipid Res. 1 (3), 232–237.

Keys A. 1970. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41 (4 Suppl), 1–200.

Keys A, Parlin RW. 1966. Serum- cholesterol response to changes in dietary lipids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 19, 175–181.

Kim EH, Bae JS, Hahm KB, Cha JY. 2012. Endogenously synthesized n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat-1 mice ameliorate high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem. Pharmacol. 84, 1359–1365.

Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A. 1994. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139, 1180–1189.

Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM. 1996. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1029–1035.

Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto S, Ouchi N, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Shimomura I, Hiraoka H, Nakamura T, Fu-nahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. 2003. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23, 85–89.

Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. 2003. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 326, 1423–1429.

Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H et al. 2012. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380 (9859), 2224–2260.

Löliger J. 1991. The use of antioxidants in food. In: Free radicals and food additives. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B. Eds. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 129–138.

Makni, M, Fetoui, H, Gargouri, NK, Garoui, EM, Jaber, H, Makni, J, Boudawara, T, Zeghal, N. 2008. Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of flax and pumpkin seed mixture rich in x-3 and x-6 fatty acids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, 3714–3720.

Matus Z, Molnár P, Szabó LG, Acta Pharm Hung. 1993. [Main carotenoids in pressed seeds (Cucurbitae semen) of oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo convar. pepo var. styriaca)] 63 (5), 247–256.

Megraw R, Dunn D, Biggs H. 1979. Manual and continuous flow colorimetry of triglycerols by a fully enzymatic method. Clin. Chem. 25, 273–284.

Melendez-Martinez AJ, Vicario IM, Heredia FJ. 2004. Nutritional importance of carotenoid pigments. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 54, 149–154.

Mohamed DA.,Hamed TE, Al-Okbi SY. 2010. Reduction in hypercholesterolemia and risk of cardiovascular diseases by mixtures of plant food extracts:a study on plasma lipid profile ,oxidative stress and testosterone in rats. Grasas Y Aceites. 61, 378–389.

Mruk JS, Webster MW, Heras M, Reid JM, Grill DE, Chesebro JH. 2000. Flavone-8-acetic acid (Flavonoid) profoundly reduces platelet-dependent thrombosis and vasoconstriction after deep arterial injury. In vivo. Circulation 101, 324–328.

Morel DW, Chisolm GM. 1989. Antioxidant treatment of diabetic rats inhibits lipoprotein oxidation and cytotoxicity. J Lipid Res. 30, 1827–1834.

Murkovic M, Hillebrand A, Winkler J, Leitner E, Pfannhause W. 1996a. Variability of fatty acid content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 203 (3), 216–219.

Murkovic M, Hillebrand A, Winkler J, Pfannhauser W. 1996b. Variability of vitamin E content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 202 (4), 275–278.

Ouchi N, Ohishi M, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Nagaretani H, Kumada M, Ohashi K, Okamoto Y, Nishizawa H, Kishida K, Maeda N, Nagasawa A, Kobayashi H, Hiraoka H, Komai N, Kaibe M, Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Matsuzawa Y. 2003. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with impaired vasoreactivity. Hypertension. 42, 231–234.

Ouchi N, Shibata R, Walsh K. 2006. Cardioprotection by adiponectin. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 16, 141–146.

Prakash D, Gupta KR. 2009. Antioxidant phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance. The Open Nutraceuticals J. 2, 20–35.

Phillips K, Ruggio D, Ashraf-Khorassani M. 2005. Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 9436–9445.

Pischon T, Girman CJ, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Hu FB, Rimm EB. 2004. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA 291, 1730–1737.

Rich MW. 2006. Heart failure in older adults. Med. North Am. 90 (5), 863–885, xi.

Risti-Medi D, Risti G, Tepsi V. 2003. Alpha-linolenic acid and cardiovascular diseases. Med. Pregl. 56 (Suppl 1), 19–25.

Ryan AS, Berman DM, Nicklas BJ, Sinha M, Gingerich RL, Meneilly GS, Egan JM, Elahi D. 2003. Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels, body composition, and glucose utilization in adult women with wide ranges of age and obesity. Diabetes Care, 26, 2383–2388.

Ryan E, Galvin K, O’Connor TP, Maguire AR, O’Brien NM. 2007. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 62, 85–91.

Saad F, Gooren L. 2009. The role of testosterone in the metabolic syndrome: a review. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 114, 40–43.

Saldeen K, Saldeen T. 2005. Importance of tocopherols beyond α-tocopherol: evidence from animal and human studies. Nutr. Res. 25, 877–889.

Satoh K. 1978. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clinica Chimica Acta. 90, 37–43.

Schiebel-Schlosser G, Friederich M. 1998. Phytotherapy of BPH with pumpkin seeds – a multicentric clinical trial. Z. Phytother. 19, 71–76.

Shimabukuro M, Higa N, Asahi T, Oshiro Y, Takasu N, Tagawa T, Ueda S, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. 2003. Hypoadiponectinemia is closely linked to endothelial dysfunction in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 88, 3236–3240.

Stevenson DG, Eller FJ, Wang L, Jane JL, Wang T, Inglett GE. 2007. Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 (10), 4005–4013.

Stewart-Lee AL, Ferns GA, Anggard EE. 1995. Differences in onset of impaired endothelial responses and in effects of vitamin E in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits carotid and renal arteries. J. Card Pharmacol. 25, 906–913.

Tan KC, Xu A, Chow WS, Lam MC, Ai VH, Tam SC, Lam KS. 2004. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 765–769.

Thorand B, Baumert J, Chambless L, Meisinger C, Kobb H, Doring A. 2006. For the MONICA/KORA study group. Elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men and women from the general population. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 398–405.

Tsimikas S, Philis-Tsimikas A, Alexopoulos S, Sigari F, Lee C, Reaven PD. 1999. LDL isolated from Greek subjects on a typical diet or from American subjects on an oleate-supplemented diet induces less monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion when exposed to oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc. Biol. 19, 122–130.

Van Hoed V, Felkner B, Bavec F, Grobelnik S, Bavec M, Verhe R. 2009. Influence of processing on antioxidants content of pumpkin seed oil. 7th EuroFed Lipid Congress” Lipids, fats and oils” from knowledge to application, 18–21 October, Graz, Austria.

Vanstone CA, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Parsons WE, Jones PJ. 2002. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 1272–1278.

Watson D. 1960. A simple method for the determination of serum cholesterol. Clin. Chem. Acta. 5, 637–642.

Wenzel, C. 1987. Ernahrung/Nutrition 11, 752–755.

Yamauchi R. 2007. Addition products of alpha-tocopherol with lipid-derived free radicals. Vitam Horm 76, 309–327.

Yang R, Le G, Li A, Zheng J, Shi Y. 2006. Effect of antioxidant capacity on blood lipid metabolism and lipoprotein lipase capacity of rats feed a high-fat diet. Nutr. 22, 1185–1191.

Younis YM, Ghirmay S, al-Shihry SS. 2000. African Cucurbita pepo L.: properties of seed and variability in fatty acid composition of seed oil. Phytochemistry 54, 71–75.

Zambo I. 1988. Analytical standardization of peponen. Medi-flora. 89, 6.

Ziv E, Patlas N, Kalman R, Pelled D, Herzog Y, Dror T, Cohen T. 2009. A high oleic sunflower oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols mixed with dietary diacylglycerol reduces plasma insulin and body fat accumulation in Psammomys obesus. Lipids Health Dis. 12, 42.

Zollner N, Kirsch K. 1962. Colorimetric method for determination of total lipids. Z. Ges. Exp. Med. 135, 545–550.

Zuhair HA, Abd El-Fattah AA, El-Sayed MI. 2000. Pumpkin-seed oil modulates the effect of felodipine and captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res. 41, 555–563.