Analysis of used frying fats for biodiesel production
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2008.v59.i1.489Keywords:
Analysis, Biodiesel, Polar compounds, Polar fatty acid methyl esters, Used frying oilsAbstract
Used frying fats and oils with highly variable and uncontrolled quality are used for the production of biodiesel . The objective of this study was to define the analytical methods useful to obtaining information on the quality of the used frying oils as raw material for biodiesels as well as for the characterization of the biodiesels obtained from them. Twentyfour used frying oils from restaurants and domestic fryers were analyzed before and after transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). From a detailed analysis of the samples by means of a combination of adsorption and size exclusion chromatography, the quantitative importance of polymeric compounds was deduced both from the direct analysis of the oils and from their FAME. Excellent linear correlation between polar compounds and polar FAME (R=0.9768) was found. The possibilities of interferences from polar fatty acid in the standard method to determine the ester content are defined. Finally, determination of non-polar FAME by silica column is proposed as a good alternative to the gas chromatography method.
Downloads
References
Al-Widyan M, Al-Shyoukh A. 2002. Experimental evaluation of the transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel. Bioresour. Technol. 85, 253–256. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00135-9
Al-Widyan M, Tashtoush G, Abu-Qudais M. 2002. Utilization of ethyl ester of waste vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines. Fuel Process. Technol. 76, 91–103. doi:10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00009-7
Costa Neto PR, Rossi L, Zagonel G, Ramos L. 2000. Produção de Biocombustível Alternativo ao Óleo Diesel Através da Transesterificação de Óleo de Soja Usado em Frituras. Quim. Nova 23, 531–537. doi:10.1590/S0100-40422000000400017
Dobarganes MC, Márquez Ruiz G. 1995a. Calidad de las grasas de fritura en el sector de restauración de Andalucía. Grasas y Aceites 46, 115-120.
Dobarganes MC, Márquez Ruiz G. 1995b. Control de calidad de las grasas de fritura. Validez de los métodos de ensayos rápidos en sustitución de la determinación de compuestos polares. Grasas y Aceites 46, 196-201.
Dobarganes MC, Márquez Ruiz G. 1998. Regulation of used frying fats and validity of quick tests for discarding the fats. Grasas y Aceites 49: 331-335.
Dobarganes MC, Márquez Ruiz G. 2006. Formation and analysis of oxidized monomeric, dimeric and higher oligomeric triglycerides. In Deep Frying: Chemistry Nutrition and Practical Applications. 2nd edition. Ed. By M.D. Erickson. American Oil Chemists’ Society, (Champaign, Illinois), pp 87-110.
Dobarganes MC, Pérez-Camino MC, Gutiérrez González-Quijano R. 1984. Métodos analíticos de aplicación en grasas calentadas. I. Determinación de ésteres metílicos no alterados. Grasas y Aceites 35, 172-177.
Dobarganes MC, Pérez-Camino MC, Márquez Ruiz G. 1988. High performance size exclusion chromatography of polar compounds in heated and non-heated fats. Fat Sci. Technol. 90, 308-311
Dobarganes MC, Velasco J, Dieffenbacher A. 2000. The determination of polar compounds, polymerised triacylglycerols, oxidised triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols in fats and oils. Pure App. Chem. 72, 1563-1575. doi:10.1351/pac200072081563
Dorado MP, Ballesteros E, Arnal JM, Gómez J, López FJ. 2003. Exhaust emissions from a diesel engine fuelled with transesterified waste olive oil. Fuel 82, 1311–1315 doi:10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00034-6
European Standard EN 14103. 2003a. Fat and oil derivatives – fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) –determination of ester and linolenic acid methyl ester contents. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
European Standard EN14105. 2003b. Fat and oil derivatives Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Determination of free and total glycerol and mono-, di-, and triglyceride contents. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
Felizardo P, Neiva Correia MJ, Raposo I, Mendes JF, Berkemeier R, Moura Bordado J. 2006. Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. Waste Management 26, 487-494 doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.025
Firestone D. 1996. Regulation of frying fats and oils. In: Deep Frying: Chemistry, Nutrition and Practical Applications, chap. 19, 323-334. Ed: Perkins E.G., Erickson M.D., AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois. González Gómez ME, Howard-Hildige R, Leahy JJ, Rice B. 2002.Winterization of waste cooking oil methyl ester to improve cold temperature fuel properties. Fuel 81, 33–39.
IUPAC. 1992. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives. Standard Method 2.507- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1st supplement to 7th edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Leung DYC. 2001. Development of a clean biodiesel fuel in Hong Kong using recycled oil. Water Air Soil Poll. 130, 277–282. doi:10.1023/A:1013883823851
Leung DYC, Guo Y. 2006. Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel Processing Technol. 87, 883-890. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.06.003
Marmesat S, Rodrigues Machado E, Velasco J, Dobarganes MC. 2007. Used frying fats and oils: comparison of rapid tests based on chemical and physical oil properties. Int. J. Food Sci.Technol. 42, 601-608. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01284.x
Márquez Ruiz G, Pérez-Camino MC, Dobarganes MC. 1990. Combination of adsorption and size-exclusion chromatography for the determination of fatty acid monomers, dimers and polymers. J. Chromatog. 514, 37-44 doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89374-2
Márquez-Ruíz G, Dobarganes MC. 1996. Short-chain acid formation during thermoxidation and frying. J. Sci. Food Agric. 70, 120-126 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199601)70:1<120::AID-JSFA473>3.0.CO;2-M
Márquez-Ruíz G, Tasioula-Margari M, and Dobarganes MC. 1995. Quantitation and Distribution of altered fatty acids in frying fats. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72, 1171-1176 . doi:10.1007/BF02540984
Mittelbach M, Tritthart P. 1988. Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, III. Emission tests using methyl esters of used frying oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 65, 1185–1187. doi:10.1007/BF02660579
Rodrigues Machado E, Marmesat S, Abrantes S, Dobarganes MC. 2007. Uncontrolled variables in frying studies: differences in repeatability between thermoxidation and frying experiments. Grasas y Aceites 58, 283-288.
Schober S, Seidl I, Mittelbach M. 2006 Ester content evaluation in biodiesel from animal fats and lauric oils. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108, 309-314. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200500324
Supple B, Howard-Hildige R, Gonzalez-Gomez E, Leahy JJ. 2002. The effect of steam treating waste cooking oil on the yield of methyl ester, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 79, 174–178. doi:10.1007/s11746-002-0454-1
Tashtoush G, Al-Widyan M, Al-Jarrah M. 2004. Experimental study on evaluation and optimization of convertion of waste animal fat into biodiesel, Energy Conv. Manage. 45: 2697–2711 doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2003.12.009
Tomasevic AV, Siler-Marinkovic SS. 2003. Methanolysis of used frying oil, Fuel Process. Technol. 81: 1-6. doi:10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00096-6
Ulusoy Y, Tekin Y, Cetinkaya M, Karaosmanoglu F. 2004. The engine tests of biodiesel from used frying oil, Energy Sources 26: 927–932. doi:10.1080/00908310490473219
Varela G. 1985. Current facts about the frying of Foods.In: Frying of Foods, chap. 1, 9-25. Ed: Varela G., Bender A.E., Morton, I.D., VCH Chichester, England. Velasco J, Marmesat M, Márquez-Ruiz G and Dobarganes MC. 2004. Formation of short-chain glycerol-bound oxidation compounds and oxidised monomeric triacylglycerols during deep-frying and occurrence in used frying fats. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 106, 728-735.
Velasco J, Marmesat S, Bordeaux O, Márquez-Ruiz G, Dobarganes MC. 2005. Quantitation of short-chain glycerol-bound compounds in thermoxidized and used frying oils.A monitoring study during thermoxidation of olive and sunflower oils. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53, 4006-4011. doi:10.1021/jf050050t
Zaher F. 2003. Utilization of used frying oil as diesel engine fuel, Energy Sources 25, 819–826. doi:10.1080/00908310303378
Zhang Y, Dubé MA, McLean DD, Kates M. 2003a. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment, Bioresource Technol. 89, 1–6. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00040-3
Zhang Y, Dubé MA, McLean DD, Kates M. 2003b. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. economic assessment and sensitivity analysis, Bioresource Technol. 90, 229–240 doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00150-0
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2008 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
